+------------------------------------------------------------------------+|DISCLAIMER || ||The articles published in the Annual Reports of the Northern Nut Growers||Association are the findings and thoughts solely of the authors and are ||not to be construed as an endorsement by the Northern Nut Growers ||Association, its board of directors, or its members. No endorsement is ||intended for products mentioned, nor is criticism meant for products not||mentioned. The laws and recommendations for pesticide application may ||have changed since the articles were written. It is always the pesticide||applicator's responsibility, by law, to read and follow all current ||label directions for the specific pesticide being used. The discussion ||of specific nut tree cultivars and of specific techniques to grow nut ||trees that might have been successful in one area and at a particular ||time is not a guarantee that similar results will occur elsewhere. || |+------------------------------------------------------------------------+ NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION REPORT OF THE PROCEEDINGS AT THE TWELFTH ANNUAL MEETING LANCASTER, PENNSYLVANIA OCTOBER 6 AND 7, 1921 CONTENTS Officers and Committees of the Association 5 State Vice-Presidents 6 Members of the Association 7 Constitution and By-Laws 13 Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual Convention 17 Report of the Treasurer 23 Nut Trees for Public Places, Dr. R. T. Morris 25 Roadside Planting, Prof. A. K. Chittendon 36 Roadside Planting Legislation in Mich. , Senator Henry A. Penny 40 Cultivation and Culture of the European Filbert, James S. McGlennon 54 Report of the Committee on Uniform Bill for Roadside Planting, T. P. Littlepage 59 Where May the Northern Pecan Be Expected to Bear, Willard G. Bixby 63 Constitution and By-Laws Amended 71 Report of Nominating Committee, Secretary Olcott 75 Proceedings of The Tree Planting Ceremonies at Long's Park, Lancaster County, Pa 77 A National Program for the Promotion of Nut Culture, Dean Watts 80 Appendix 84 OFFICERS OF THE ASSOCIATION _President_ JAMES S. MCGLENNON Rochester, New York _Vice-President_ J. F. JONES Lancaster, Pennsylvania _Secretary_ WILLIAM C. DEMING Danbury, Conn. , R. 2 _Treasurer_ WILLARD G. BIXBY Baldwin, Nassau Co. , New York COMMITTEES _Auditing_--C. P. CLOSE, C. A. REED _Executive_--J. RUSSELL SMITH, W. S. LINTON AND THE OFFICERS _Finance_--T. P. LITTLEPAGE, WILLARD G. BIXBY, W. C. DEMING _Hybrids_--R. T. MORRIS, C. P. CLOSE, W. G. BIXBY, HOWARD SPENCE _Membership_--JAMES S. MCGLENNON, H. R. WEBER, R. T. OLCOTT, W. O. POTTER, W. G. BIXBY, W. C. DEMING _Nomenclature_--C. A. REED, R. T. MORRIS, J. F. JONES _Press and Publication_--R. T. OLCOTT, W. G. BIXBY, W. C. DEMING _Programe_--JAMES S. MCGLENNON, W. C. DEMING, R. T. OLCOTT, C. A. REED, R. T. MORRIS, W. G. BIXBY _Promising Seedlings_--C. A. REED, J. F. JONES, W. G. BIXBY STATE VICE-PRESIDENTS Alabama H. M. Robertson 2026 1st Ave. , Birmingham Arkansas Prof. N. F. Drake University of Arkansas, Fayetteville California T. C. Tucker 311 California St. , San Francisco Canada G. H. Corsan 63 Avenue Road, Toronto China P. W. Wang, Kinsan Arboretum Chuking Kiangsu Province Colorado C. L. Cudebec Boulder, Box 233 Connecticut Ernest M. Ives Sterling Orchards, Meriden Dist of Columbia B. G. Foster 902 G. St. , Washington England Howard Spence Eskdale Knutsford Cheshire Georgia A. S. Perry Cuthbert Illinois E. A. Riehl Alton Indiana J. F. Wilkinson Rockport Iowa D. C. Snyder Center Point Kansas James Sharp Council Grove Kentucky Frank M. Livengood Berea Maine Alice D. Leavitt 79 High St. , Bridgton Maryland P. J. O'Connor Bowie Massachusetts C. Leroy Cleaver 496 Commonwealth Ave. , Boston Michigan Dr. J. H. Kellogg Battle Creek Missouri P. C. Stark Louisiana Nebraska William Caha Wahoo New Hampshire Henry B. Stevens Durham Nevada C. G. Swingle Hazen New Jersey C. S. Ridgway Lumberton New York Dr. G. J. Buist 3 Hancock St. , Brooklyn North Carolina Dr. Harvey P. Barrett 211 Vail Ave. , Charlotte Ohio Harry R. Weber 123 E. 6th St. , Cincinnati Oklahoma Dr. C. E. Beitman Skedee Oregon Knight Pearcy Salem, R. F. D. 3, Box 187 Pennsylvania F. N. Fagan State College South Carolina Prof. A. G. Shanklin Clemson College Texas J. H. Burkett Clyde Vermont F. C. Holbrook Brattleboro Virginia John S. Parish University Washington William Baines Okanogan West Virginia Fred E. Brooks French Creek Wisconsin Dr. G. W. Patchen Manitowoc MEMBERS OF THE NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION April, 1, 1922 ALABAMA Robertson, H. M. , 2026 1st Ave. , Birmingham ARIZONA Heyne, Fred W. , Douglas ARKANSAS *Drake, Prof. N. F. , Fayetteville, Univ. Of Arkansas Dunn, D. K. , Wynne CALIFORNIA Cajori, F. A. , 1220 Byron St. , Palo Alto Cress, B. E. , Tehachapi Thorpe, Will J. , 1545 Divisadero Street, San Francisco Tucker, T. C. , 311 California St. , San Francisco CANADA Bell, Alex. , Milliken, Ontario Corsan, G. H. , 513 Christie St. , Toronto Corcoran, William, Port Dalhousie, Box 26, Ontario Haight, P. N. , St. Thomas, Canada CHINA Kinsan Arboretum, Chuking, Kiangsu Province, P. W. Wang Secy. COLORADO Bennett, L. E. , Cory Butterbaugh, Dr. W. S. , Engleburg, Las Animas Co. Cudebec, C. L. , Boulder, Box 233 Hartman, Richard, Kremmling CONNECTICUT Barrows, Paul M. , Stanford, R. F. D. No. 30 Bartlett, Francis A. , Stanford Benedict, Samuel L. , 98 South Main St. , So. Norwalk Bielefield, F. J. , Middleton, South Farms Bradley, Smith T. , New Haven, Grand Ave. Craig, Joseph A. , 783 Washington Ave. , West Haven Deming, Dr. W. C. , Hartford, 983 Main St. Glover, James L. , Shelton, R. F. D. No. 7 Hilliard, H. J. , South View Hungerford, Newman, Torrington, R. F. D. No. 2, Box 76 Ives, E. M. , Meriden, Sterling Orchards Lewis, Henry Leroy, Stratford, 1822 Main St. *Morris Dr. R. T. Cos Cob Route 28, Box 95 Pomeroy, Eleazer, 120 Bloomfield Ave. , Windsor Sessions, Albert L. , Bristol, 25 Bellevue Ave. Southworth, George E. , Milford, Box 176 Staunton, Gray, 320 Howard Ave. , New Haven White, Gerrard, North Granby DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA Beatty, Wilbur M. L. , 4027 Georgia Ave. , Washington Close, C. P. Prof. , Pomologist Dept. Of Agriculture, Wash. Foster, B. G. , Washington, 902 G. St. , N. W. *Littlepage, T. P. , Union Trust Building, Washington Reed, C. A. , Dept. Of Agriculture, Washington **Van Fleet, Walter, U. S. Dept. Of Agriculture, Washington ENGLAND Spence, Howard, Eskdale, Knutsford, Cheshire GEORGIA Bullard, William P. , Albany Patterson, J. M. , Putney Perry, A. S. , Cuthbert Steele, R. C. , Lakemont, Rabun Co. Wight, J. B. , Cairo ILLINOIS Buckman, Benj. , Farmingdale Casper, O. H. , Anna Heide, John F. H. , 500 Oakwood Blvd. , Chicago Illinois, University of, Urbana (Librarian) Hon. W. A. Potter, Marion Harry J. Rickelman, Weed Bldg. , Effingham Reihl, E. A. , Godfrey, Route 2 Shaw, James B. , Urbana, Box 143, Univ. Sta. Swisher, S. L. , Mulkeytown Sundstrand, Mrs. G. D. , 916 Garfield Ave. , Rockford Wells, Oscar, Farina INDIANA Crain, Donald J. , 1313 North St. , Logansport Jackson, Francis M. , 122 N. Main St. , South Bend Reed, W. C. , Vincennes Redmon, Felix, Rockport, R. R. 2, Box 32 Rowell, Mrs. George P. , 219 North 5th St. , Goshen Simpson, H. D. , Vincennes Staderman, A. L. , 120 South 7th St. , Terre Haute Wilkinson, J. F. , Rockport IOWA Bricker, C. W. , Ladora Finnell, J. F. C. , Hamburg Pfeiffer, W. F. , Fayette Skromme, L. J. (Skromme Seed Company), Roland Snyder, D. C. , Center Point Snyder, S. W. , Center Point KANSAS Bishop, S. L. , Conway Springs Gray, Dr. Clyde, Horton Sharpe, James, Council Grove KENTUCKY Baker, Sam C. , Beaver Dam, R. D. No. 2 Livengood, Frank M. , Berea MAINE Leavitt, Mrs. Alice D. , 79 High St. , Brighton MARYLAND Auchter, E. C. , College Park Littlepage, Miss Louise, Bowie Keenan, Dr. John F. , Brentwood O'Connor, P. J. , Bowie MASSACHUSETTS *Bowditch, James H. , 903 Tremont Bldg. , Boston Cleaver, C. Leroy, Hingham Center Jackson, Arthur H. , 63 Fayerweather St. , Cambridge Mass. Agriculture College, Library of, Amherst Scudder, Dr. Charles L. , 209 Beacon St. , Boston MICHIGAN Beck, J. P. , 25 James, Saginaw Charles, Dr. Elmer, Pontiac Cross, John L. , 104 Division St. , Bangor Graves, Henry B. , 2134 Dime Bank Bldg. , Detroit Guild, Stacy R. , 562 So. 7th St. , Ann Arbor Hartig, G. F. , Bridgeman, R. F. D. No. 1 Henshall, H. , 527 Harper St. , Detroit House, George W. , Ford Bldg. , Detroit Kellogg, Dr. J. H. , Battle Creek, 202 Manchester St. *Linton, W. S. , Saginaw, Pres. Board of Trade Mac Nab, Dr. Alex B. , Cassopolis McKale, H. B. , Lansing, Route 6 Olson, A. E. , Holton Penny, Harvey A. , Saginaw, 425 So. Jefferson Ave. Smith, Edward J. , 85 So. Union St. , Battle Creek MISSISSIPPI Bechtel, Theo. , Ocean Springs MISSOURI Crosby, Miss Jessie M. , 4241 Harrison St. , Kansas City Hazen, Josiah J. , (Neosho Nurseries Co. ) Neosho Rhodes, J. I. , 224 Maple St. , Neosho Spellen, Howard P. , 4505a W. Papin St. , St. Louis Stark, P. C. , Louisiana NEBRASKA Caha, William, Wahoo Thomas, Dr. W. A. , Lincoln NEW HAMPSHIRE Stevens, Henry B. , N. H. College of Agriculture, Durham NEVADA Swingle, C. G. , Hazen NEW JERSEY Brown, Jacob S. , Elmer, Salem Co. *Jaques, Lee W. , 74 Waverly St. , Jersey City Landmann, Miss M. V. Cranbury, R. D. No. 2 Marshall, S. L. , Vineland Marston, Edwin S. , Florham Park, Box 72 Phillips, Irving S. , 501 Madison St. , West New York Price, John R. , 36 Ridgdale Ave. , Madison Ridgeway, C. S. , Lumberton Salvage, W. K. , Farmingdale Westcoat Wilmer, 230 Knight Ave. , Collingswood NEW YORK Abbott, Frederick B. , 1211 Tabor Court, Brooklyn Adams, Sidney I. , 418 Powers Bldg. , Rochester Ashworth, Fred L. , Heuvelton Babcock, H. J. , Lockport Bixby, Willard G. , 32 Grand Ave. , Baldwin, L. I. Borchers, H. Chas. , Wenga Farm, Armonk Brown, Ronold K. , 320 Broadway, New York City Buist, Dr. G. J. , 3 Hancock St. , Brooklyn Clark, George H. , 131 State St. , Rochester Crane, Alfred J. , Monroe Coriell, A. S. , 120 Broadway, New York City Diprose, Alfred H. , 468 Clinton Ave. , South, Rochester Ellwanger, Mrs. W. D. , 510 East Ave. , Rochester Gager, Dr. C. Stewart, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn Gillet, Dr. Henry W. , 140 W. 57th St. , New York City Goeltz, Mrs. M. H. , 2524 Creston Ave. , New York City Graham, S. H. , R. D. 5, Ithaca Hall, L. W. , Jr. , 509 Cutler Bldg. , Rochester (L. W. Hall Co. , Inc. ) Harper, George W. , Jr. , 115 Broadway, New York City Hodge, James, 199 Kingsbridge Road West, Kingsbridge, N. Y. C. Hodgson, Casper W. , Yonkers, (World Book Co. ) Hoffman, Arthur S. , 26 Church St. , White Plains Kains, M. G. , Pomona Jewett, Edmund G. , 16 Elliott Place, Brooklyn Johnson, Harriet, M. B. , 15th & 4th Ave. , New York City *Huntington, A. M. , 15 W. 81st St. , New York City MacDaniel, S. H. , Dept. Of Pomology, New York State College of Agriculture, Ithaca McGlennon, J. S. , 528 Cutler Building, Rochester Meyers, Charles, 316 Adelphi St. , Brooklyn Olcott, Ralph T. (Editor American Nut Journal), Ellwanger and Barry Building, Rochester Pomeroy, A. C. , Lockport Richardson, J. M. , 2 Columbus Circle, New York City Ritchie, John W. , Yonkers, 2 A Beach Street Ryder, Clayton, Carmel Stephen, John W. , Syracuse, New York State College of Forestry Solley, Dr. John B. , 968 Lexington Ave. , New York City Teele, Arthur W. , 120 Broadway, New York City Vollertsen, Conrad, 375 Gregory St. , Rochester Wetmore, W. J. , Elmira Whitney, Arthur C. , 9 Manila St. , Rochester Whitney, Leon F. , 65 Barclay St. , New York City Wile, M. E. , 955 Harvard St. , Rochester Williams, Dr. Chas. Mallory, 4 W. 50th St. , New York City *Wisman, Mrs. F. De R. Westchester, New York City NORTH CAROLINA Hutchings, Miss L. G. , Pine Bluff C. W. Matthews, North Carolina Dept. Of Agriculture, Raleigh Van Lindley, J. , (J. Van Lindley Nursery Co. ), Pomona OHIO Burton, J. Howard, Casstown Dayton, J. H. , (Storrs & Harrison), Painesville Fickes, W. R. , Wooster, R. No. 6 Jackson, A. V. , 3275 Linwood Rd. , Cincinnati Ketchem, C. S. , Middlefield Box 981 Pomerene Julius, 1914 East 116th St. , Cleveland Ramsey, John, 1803 Freeman Ave. , Cincinnati Truman, G. G. , Perrysville, Box 167 *Weber, Harry R. , Cincinnati, 123 East 6th St. Yunck, Edward G. , 706 Central Ave. , Sandusky OKLAHOMA Beitmen, C. E. , Dr. , Skedee OREGON Marvin, Cornelia, Oregon State Library, Salem Nelson, W. W. , R. 3, Box 652, Portland Pearcy, Knight, 210 Oregon Building, Salem PENNSYLVANIA Althouse, C. Scott, 820 North 5th St. , Reading Balthaser, James M. , Wernersville, Berks Co. Bohn, Dr. H. W. , 34 No. 9th St. , Reading Bolton, Charles G. , Zieglerville Bomberger, John S. , Lebanon, R. F. D. No. 1 Chapin, Irvin, Shickshinny Clark, D. F. , 147 N. 13th St. , Harrisburg Druckemiller, W. H. , Sunbury Fagan, Prof. F. N. , State College Fritz, Ammon P. , 35 E. Franklin St. , Ephrata Heffner, H. , Leeper Hess, Elam G. , Manhein Hile, Anthony, Curwensville Irwin, Ernest C. , 66 St. Nicholas Bldg. , Pittsburg Jenkins, Charles Francis, Philadelphia--Farm Journal *Jones, J. F. , Lancaster, Box 527 Kaufman, M. M. , Clarion Leas, F. C. , Merion Station Mellor, Alfred, 152 W. Walnut Lane, Germantown, Philadelphia Minick, C. G. , Ridgway Murphy, P. J. , Scranton, Vice-Pres. L. & W. R. R. Co. Myers, J. Everitt, R. D. No. 3, York Springs Neagley, C. H. , Greencastle, R. D. No. 2 Patterson, J. E. , 77 North Franklin St. , Wilkes Barre *Rick, John, 438 Pennsylvania Square, Reading Rittenhouse, Dr. J. F. S. , Lorane Robinson, W. I. , Fort Loudon Rose, William J. , 413 Market St. , Harrisburg "Personal" Rush, J. G. , West Willow Russell, Dr. Andrew L. , 729 Wabash Bldg. , Pittsburgh Shoemaker, H. C. , 1739 Main St. , Northampton Smedley, Samuel L. , Newton Square, R. F. D. No. 1 Smith Dr. J. Russell, Swarthmore *Sober, C. K. Col. , Lewisburg Spencer, L. N. , 216 East New St. , Lancaster Taylor, Lowndes, West Chester, Box 3, Route 1 Walter, R. G. , Willow Grove, Doylestown Pike Weaver, William S. , McCungie Wilhelm, Dr. Edward A. , Clarion *Wister, John C. , Wister St. & Clarkson Ave. , Germantown SOUTH CAROLINA Shanklin, A. G. , Prof. , Clemson College Kendall, Dr. F. D. , 1317 Hampton Ave. , Columbus TENNESSEE Waite, J. W. , Normandy VERMONT Aldrich, A. W. , Springfield, R. F. D. No. 3 Holbrook, F. C. , Battleboro VIRGINIA Harris, D. C. , Capital Landing Road, Williamsburg Jordan, J. H. , Bohannon Parrish, John S. , Charlottesville, Route No. 4 Roper, W. N. , Petersburg WASHINGTON Baines, William, Okanogan Turk, Richard H. , Washougal WEST VIRGINIA Brooks, Fred E. , French Creek Cannaday, Dr. J. E. , Charleston, Box 693 Hartzel, B. F. , Shepherdstown Mish, A. F. , Inwood WISCONSIN Lang, Robert B. , Racine, Box 103 Patchen, Dr. G. W. , Manitowoc * Life Member ** Honorary Member CONSTITUTION ARTICLE I _Name. _ This society shall be known as the NORTHERN NUT GROWERSASSOCIATION. ARTICLE II _Object. _ Its object shall be the promotion of interest in nut-bearingplants, their products and their culture. ARTICLE III _Membership. _ Membership in the society shall be open to all persons whodesire to further nut culture, without reference to place of residenceor nationality, subject to the rules and regulations of the committee onmembership. ARTICLE IV _Officers. _ There shall be a president, a vice-president, a secretaryand a treasurer, who shall be elected by ballot at the annual meeting;and an executive committee of six persons, of which the president, thetwo last retiring presidents, the vice-president, the secretary and thetreasurer shall be members. There shall be a state vice-president fromeach state, dependency, or country represented in the membership of theassociation, who shall be appointed by the president. ARTICLE V _Election of Officers. _ A committee of five members shall be elected atthe annual meeting for the purpose of nominating officers for thefollowing year. ARTICLE VI _Meetings. _ The place and time of the annual meeting shall be selectedby the membership in session or, in the event of no selection being madeat this time, the executive committee shall choose the place and timefor the holding of the annual convention. Such other meetings as mayseem desirable may be called by the president and executive committee. ARTICLE VII _Quorum. _ Ten members of the association shall constitute a quorum, butmust include two of the four elected officers. ARTICLE VIII _Amendments. _ This constitution may be amended by a two-thirds vote ofthe members present at any annual meeting, notice of such amendmenthaving been read at the previous annual meeting, or a copy of theproposed amendment having been mailed by any member to each memberthirty days before the date of the annual meeting. BY-LAWS ARTICLE I _Committees. _ The association shall appoint standing committees asfollows: On membership, on finance, on programme, on press andpublication, on nomenclature, on promising seedlings, on hybrids, and anauditing committee. The committee on membership may make recommendationsto the association as to the discipline or expulsion of any member. ARTICLE II _Fees. _ Annual members shall pay two dollars annually, or three dollarsand twenty-five cents, including a year's subscription to the AmericanNut Journal. Contributing members shall pay five dollars annually, thismembership including a year's subscription to the American Nut Journal. Life members shall make one payment of fifty dollars, and shall beexempt from further dues. Honorary members shall be exempt from dues. ARTICLE III _Membership. _ All annual memberships shall begin either with the firstday of the calendar quarter following the date of joining theAssociation, or with the first day of the calendar quarter precedingthat date as may be arranged between the new member and the Treasurer. ARTICLE IV _Amendments. _ By-laws may be amended by a two-thirds vote of memberspresent at any annual meeting. PROCEEDINGS AT THE TWELFTH ANNUAL CONVENTION OF THE NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION LANCASTER, PA. OCTOBER 6 AND 7, 1921 The Convention was called to order at 10 a. M. Thursday, October 6, 1921, by the President, Hon. William S. Linton, of Saginaw, Michigan, inthe convention hall of the Brunswick Hotel, Lancaster, Pa. THE PRESIDENT: It certainly is a pleasure and a privilege forus to meet in the prosperous and historic Pennsylvania City ofLancaster. I am sure that we will have a successful meeting, and I amcertain also that during the past year progress has been made in ourwork which when read into the records will show that we haveaccomplished material good. Without further preliminary remarks, andwith the statement that my address or report will come later during thesession, we will proceed immediately with our programme. I have the honor to call upon the representative of the Mayor ofLancaster, Oliver S. Schaeffer, for the welcoming address. OLIVER S. SCHAEFFER, ESQ. : Mr. President, Members of theNorthern Nut Growers' Association, Friends and Guests: On behalf of theMayor and the people of Lancaster I extend to you their greetings andbid you a most hearty and cordial welcome. We feel honored that you have selected for the second time this city forthe holding of your convention. Your esteemed president referred toLancaster City as an historic city, and no doubt all of you know thatLancaster is frequently called the garden spot of the world. Historically Lancaster City was the capital of Pennsylvania forthirty-three years, I think from 1779 to 1812. During the RevolutionaryWar when the British troops occupied Philadelphia the ContinentalCongress met here for a while in a building that formerly stood atCenter Square where you now see the Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument. I was talking to your secretary a few minutes in the hotel lobby thismorning and he told me that while some of you were in the nut businesswith a majority of you it was a hobby. That is the altruistic spiritthat counts in these days when most of us look upon things in amaterialistic way. There was a time when I thought that most nuts came from Brazil, but Iam glad to learn that we grow the nuts we eat here in the good old U. S. A. , and some right here in Pennsylvania and in Lancaster County. I cannot help but think of the chestnut blight that has worked havocthroughout our state and some other states. It has occasioned a bigmaterial loss. Yet I think too of another side of the loss and that isthe spiritual side because our "chestnut parties" are now becoming apast memory. It is up to men like you to retrieve that loss and to bringback to our youth the chance of experiencing that innocent pleasure thegathering of chestnuts. As I look into your faces here this morning (and while you are notnumerous you make up in quality what you lack in quantity), I cannothelp but congratulate you on showing the spirit that means progress. Icannot help but feel also that you are optimists, and they are what weneed at the present time. I will not trespass upon your time any longer. I again bid you a mostwarm welcome to our city and on behalf of the Mayor hand you thesymbolic key of this city to enable you to go where you please. THE PRESIDENT: Working with us unselfishly for the past two orthree years has been a Michigan man who has had in mind the benefit ofhis locality, the State of Michigan and the United States. It was hisprivilege to introduce the first bill into a state legislature thatbecame a law making it obligatory upon state authorities to plant usefultrees along the roadside throughout the entire state that he representedso well in the Senate. I take pleasure in calling upon that member torespond to the eloquent words of the Mayor's representative. I would askSenator Penney to reply to Mr. Schaeffer. HON. HARVEY A. PENNEY: Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen of thisConvention, and Mr. Mayor: We all appreciate this warm and hospitablegreeting. Some of us are a long way from home. Mr. Linton, and I comefrom a town somewhat the size of this. We have about sixty-five thousandpeople, a large and growing city with a lot of prosperous and verywealthy men in it. We feel that in coming here we are coming to a citysomething like our own. We have been very much impressed with your citysince we have been here. I am glad to see that colonial spirit, thespirit of '76, which permeates your people here. Up in Saginaw, ofcourse, we do not have the same things to remind us of the past that youhave. You have your monuments and those things that call your attentioncontinually to it; but I am sure that our people are as patriotic asyour people. However, I think that the spirit of '76 which stillpermeates the East helps to keep the whole country in line for thepatriotic upholding of our governmental institutions. While most of the men here are interested especially in the scientificinvestigation and promotion of the nut industry, my friend Mr. Lintonand I have been more particularly interested in road-side planting. Along with the promotion and building of good highways we fell into theidea of beautifying those highways. At the time the people in the Eastwere having their trouble in the colonial days, the revolutionary days, our town was unheard of. It was simply way back in the forest and thewilderness and it was not until very early in this past century thatSaginaw was even thought of. Mr. Linton and I talked last night aboutdifferent things connected with the history of our country and we spokeof De Tocqueville, the great French traveler and explorer who came toAmerica way back in 1831. He wished to go into the wilds of this countryand see for himself what was here. He went to Buffalo and crossed thelakes to Detroit. Detroit was then a city of about two thousandinhabitants. And then he had the desire to go up into the wilds wherenothing but wild animals and wild people lived; so he went up on a trailthat led to what is now Pontiac perhaps thirty or forty miles northwestof Saginaw; that was about the end of the trail. There were one or twosettlers who lived there. He picked up a couple of Indian guides andstarted through the trackless forest, sixty or seventy miles up throughthe northwest to what is now Saginaw. He had his desire fully satisfied. He was eaten up by mosquitoes and rattlesnakes in the swamps andmarshes; he could not sleep nor anything else; so he came back. That wasaway back in 1831, fifty years or more after your people were fightingand struggling for the liberty of this country. I wish to say in closing that we all highly appreciate the welcome thathas been extended to us on behalf of the Mayor of this fine city. THE PRESIDENT: Next on the program will come the report of thesecretary. THE SECRETARY: I regret the smallness of the secretary'saccomplishment for the past year. Except for the editing of the annualreport--which is much a matter of cutting out superfluous words--and theeffort to get speakers for this convention, he has attempted verylittle. This is not, however, for lack of things that could and should have beendone. An energetic campaign for new members is the most obviousdesideratum. The committee to prepare and issue a bulletin on theroadside planting of nut trees, arranged to give information for everypart of the country, has been innocuous as well as useless. Perhaps thismeeting will afford stimulus and material enough to get it to work. I think that few of the members realize how the inactivity of thesecretary has been more than made up for by the industry of thetreasurer. Perhaps they are reciprocally cause and consequence. Not onlyhas the treasurer discharged the usual duties of that office but he hasalso attended to most of the correspondence and clerical work. He hasconducted the nut contests which, under his management, have developedto formidable proportions requiring immense expenditure of time andeffort. These nut contests have now become so widely known as to return us agood idea of what we may expect of the native nuts of the country. Undoubtedly we have not yet found the best nuts that this countryproduces, except perhaps in the case of the pecan. But Mr. Bixby'slabors, continuing the work begun by Dr. Morris, have reached suchresults that I think he will be willing to say that we have nearlyreached the limit of natural excellence in the nuts already discovered. In fact it seems to me that we have reached the point where furtherimprovement in nuts for cultivation is to be looked for especially frompurposeful hybridizing by man. It should be another of the chief aims ofthis association to induce self-perpetuating institutions to gettogether the material necessary for such work. Such material alreadyexists in incomplete form--incomplete, that is, especially inhorticultural varieties--as in the Arnold Arboretum and in the PublicPark at Rochester. The Arnold Arboretum, through our treasurer'sefforts, has agreed to give more attention to nut growing and breeding. The St. Louis Botanical Garden and the Brooklyn Botanical Garden, through the efforts and generosity of Mr. Bixby and Mr. Jones, have madespecial plantings of horticultural varieties, and this summer the NewYork Botanical Garden was induced to set out a number of grafted andseedling nut trees given by Mr. Jones, Mr. Bixby, Mr. W. C. Reed, theMcCoy Nut Nurseries and others. But unless this association can keep their interest alive it is likelythat some of these institutional plantings will be neglected, especiallyas regards the highest development of their possibilities. In onebotanical garden visited this summer the casual nut tree plantingsrunning back thirty years have been entirely neglected and the trees arestunted almost to extinction. I hope that our members will lose noopportunity to visit these institutions and ask to see the nut treeplantings. One or two such visits in a year will help to keep our wardsin the institutional mind. We cannot expect from these gardens, at present at least, interest inbreeding experiments. That is more properly a function of agriculturalexperiment stations. These are so short manned and short funded, soabsorbed in problems offering quicker results, that it is difficult toget them even to consider nut growing. I do not recall a singleexperiment station in the country where any nut breeding experiments arebeing conducted. A few manifest a little interest in plantinghorticultural varieties but the only breeding experiments that I knowof, or at this moment recall, are those of Dr. Morris, Dr. Van Fleet, Mr. Forkert and Mr. Jones. All of these experimenters have producedresults that more than indicate great possibilities. Therefore I think that more of the energy of this association should beexpended in influencing the self perpetuating horticultural institutionsto see the importance of nut culture. Attention should be called also to our treasurer's initiative, perseverance and industry in issuing Bulletin No. 5 on Nut Culture, inimproving and reprinting our accredited list of nut nurserymen, invisiting, photographing and describing many of our important parent nuttrees, in securing and distributing scions, in promoting experimentaltopworking of native nut trees in promising localities, in developing avarietal and experimental nut orchard which in time will be second tonone in these respects, and in many other promotions of the objects ofour association, unsparingly of his energy and his means. It is curious that the biggest development in nut tree planting, forwhich we are responsible apparently, and practically the onlyconsiderable development of the roadside planting of nut trees, aboutwhich we have been talking so much, is on the other side of the earth, in China, where Mr. Wang, one of our members, and associated with theKinsan Arboretum, is planting along the new model highway from Shanghaito Hangkow, a ton of black walnuts bought in this country and shipped tohim through Mr. Bixby. Two public horticultural institutions in Canada have written me aboutmaking nut plantings. We seem, perhaps, in this land, too busy making what we call wealth, andarmaments to protect it, too busy to give attention to the food supplyof the future race. To summarise, the association may feel that its purpose as originallystated, and never changed, "The Promotion of Interest in Nut BearingPlants, their Products and their Culture, " has been furtheredconsistently though results are slow. For the future we should work, 1. For a greater membership. 2. To stimulate interest in horticulturalinstitutions, especially in nut breeding. 3. To give definiteinformation that will encourage nut tree planting for profit byindividuals. 4. To promote roadside, memorial and public place plantingof nut trees. 5. To discover still more of our valuable native nut treesthrough our prize contests. Mr. C. A. Reed has made a suggestion which I will lay before you andwhich may be considered at a later hour. He suggests that it might bebetter to have our conventions once in two years, every other one to beheld in Washington. This is so radical a proposal that it should have prolongedconsideration before adoption. The affairs of the association are not getting from the secretary theattention they deserve and he does not foresee better attention in thefuture. He wishes that some more active person could be found for theplace and would be very glad to have the association elect anothersecretary. THE PRESIDENT: The secretary's report will be received andfiled with the proceedings. Are there any remarks in connectiontherewith? Personally, I wish to endorse emphatically what the secretary has saidrelative to Treasurer Bixby who has worked early and late and haspromoted the affairs of this association to a very great degree. Hiswork is along practical lines and brings results. The secretary finds fault with himself. No member of the associationendorses that particular phase of his paper because his work has beengood, he has had the best interests of the association at heart at alltimes--that I personally know--and I sincerely hope that he may changehis mind relative to his successor. We will now listen to the report of Treasurer Bixby. NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION In account with WILLARD G. BIXBY, TREASURER RECEIPTS Balance on hand Oct. 1, 1921: | | | | Special Hickory Price, $25. 00; Life | | | | Membership, $25. 00; for Regular | | | | Expenses, $25. 26 | | | |$ 75. 26From Annual members including joint | | | | subscriptions to American Nut | | | | Journal |$199. 50|$ 423. 58|$ 623. 08|Reports | 5. 50| 7. 50| 13. 00|Contribution for prizes | 54. 00| 15. 00| 69. 00|Contribution to meet expenses | | 602. 50| 602. 50|Bulletin No. 5 | 12. 73| 60. 94| 73. 67|Cash discount on bills paid | . 48| | . 48|Postage returned | | . 10| . 10|Advertising in Report | | 5. 00| 5. 00|Life Membership P. W. Wang | | 20. 00| 20. 00|Funds Received for transmission to | | | | other parties | | 1. 00| 1. 00|Salary check returned by Secretary | | 50. 00| 50. 00| |_______|_________|_________|_________ |$272. 21|$1, 185. 62|$1, 457. 83|$1, 457. 83Deficit October 1, 1921: | | | | Balance Special Hickory prize |$ 25. 00| | | Life Membership | 45. 00| | | Deficit for regular expenses[A] | 246. 07| | | 176. 07 |_______| | |_________ Net deficit | | | | 1, 709. 16 EXPENDITURES American Nut Journal, their portion | | | | of joint subscriptions |$ 64. 00|$1 99. 65|$ 263. 65|1920 Convention | 85. 00| | 85. 00|Printing Bulletin No. 5 | | 62. 50| 62. 50|Stationery, Printing & Supplies | 50. 55| 91. 01| 141. 56|Postage, Express, etc. | 36. 60| 75. 78| 112. 38|Prizes 1919 Nut Contest | 128. 00| | 128. 00|Advertising 1920 Nut Contest | 52. 08| | 52. 08|Printing Report 10th Meeting | 69. 09| 400. 05| 469. 14|Printing Report 11th Meeting | | 341. 85| 341. 85|Funds received for Transmission to | | | | other parties | | 3. 00| 3. 00|Salary Secretary | 50. 00| | 50. 00| |_______|_________|_________|_________ |$535. 32|$1, 173. 84|$1, 709. 16|$1, 709. 16 Forty-seven new members have joined the Association since the lastreport, making 523 since organization, of which we have 221, making 302who have resigned or otherwise dropped out. It will be noticed that thenumber of members received last year, 47, is less than the numberreported a year ago, 66. This in the judgment of the Treasurer isentirely due to the less amount of energy expended for a smallerproportion of members have dropped out than a year ago. While thegaining of members is not particularly easy it can be done and thenumber gained to quite an extent is in proportion to the energy put onit. The finances of the Association this year are in a more troublesomesituation than any year since the undersigned had charge. Two reportseach at double normal cost each is quite enough to cause it. Aninspection of the Treasurer's accounts have made it evident that duringno year in the history of the Association have the dues received beenequal to the cost of carrying on the Association. Each year some membersinterested have contributed in addition to paying dues. During the yearpast these sums have been considerable. It is believed that with onlyone report a year there will be only normal difficulty in handling thefinances of the Association. The orderly conduct of the finances of theAssociation makes it very desirable that normal receipts of dues takecare of normal expenditures with a little margin for contingencies. Thematter of classes of membership would seemingly help on this. Thetreasurer would not recommend changing the annual membership from itspresent figures, $2. 00, but would suggest that this meeting considermaking a class of contributing members at $5. 00 per year including theAmerican Nut Journal. This would give the Association double the incomefrom each such member that it now gets for most members accept thecombination offer of membership in the Association and subscription tothe American Nut Journal at $3. 25 for both which nets the Association$1. 75 per year. Respectfully submitted, Sept. 30, 1921. WILLARD G. BIXBY. THE PRESIDENT: Mr. Bixby is certainly a first class treasurer. He makes a recommendation in his report. Do you desire to act upon it atthis time? I refer to his recommendation relative to a new class ofmembership. It is a first class suggestion and a motion covering itwould be in order. THE SECRETARY: I move that a committee of three be appointedby the president to consider the recommendation of the treasurerrelative to different classes of membership and to report at thismeeting. MR. A. C. POMEROY: I second the motion. The motion was carried. THE PRESIDENT: I will appoint as that committee the treasurer, Mr. Bixby, the secretary, Dr. Deming, and Mr. R. T. Olcott. Mr. Reed, the chairman of the committee on road-side planting, is inCalifornia, and unable to be with us at this session. If a report is tocome from that committee it must necessarily come from some othermember, so we will defer action on that particular report at this time. We also regret the absence of Dr. Morris the first president of theassociation. He is unable to be with us at this meeting but he hasforwarded a paper and unless there are objections we will receive it atthis time and have it read by the secretary. NUT TREES FOR PUBLIC PLACES DR. ROBERT T. MORRIS, NEW YORK The question of the planting of nut trees along highways and in parksand other public grounds falls into classification under two separateand distinct heads. First, the abstract proposition of planting usefultrees upon ground which is not usefully occupied otherwise. Second, thereaction of human nature to the different phases of the proposition. Thelatter part is the larger part of the question, otherwise the work wouldalready have been done. Let us take up the smaller part of the question first. Nut trees whichare indigenous to any locality, or allied species from other countrieshaving similar soil and climatic conditions, will grow and thrive onpublic grounds quite as well as upon private property. They will be asbeautiful and as useful upon public grounds as they are upon privateproperty, speaking in a large way, although disposal of their productswill go along different channels perhaps. Nut trees of various specieswill be quite as beautiful and distinctly more useful than any of theother trees that are commonly selected for planting upon public grounds. Because of the inclusion of the economic factor the question as towhether nut trees may well supplant the kinds of trees commonly selectedis not a debatable question. Let us leave this part of the subject however and take up questionnumber two, relating to the human nature side. A little examination intothis phase of the matter will disclose reasons why nut trees are notalready along our highways and in parks and other public grounds. Thesupplying of trees on a large scale for such a purpose is commonly doneby contract with nurserymen. Nurserymen find it more profitable to raisecertain kinds of trees instead of other kinds. Nurserymen are prone toraise kinds which are most profitable. Public officials who are makingcontracts sometimes look for perquisites. These include acceptance fromnurserymen of bonuses for letting the contract. Here then we have at thevery outset of the problem two large obstacles to the purchase of nuttrees for public places. The carrying forward of any large project ofthis sort means reliance upon someone with legislative resources. In myexperience legislators are commonly keen to approve of any project whichwill render public service when they are fully convinced of that fact. If not fully convinced of that fact and reserving the feeling thatprivate interests are being served they wait until somebody who knowshow to see the legislator has seen him. Another phase of the questionrelates to the attitude of the people toward public property in aso-called free country. People are prone to take anything that theyplease from anything which is so impersonal as a country. Nut treesplanted in public places would have their crops carried off by everypasser by to such an extent that revenue for the upkeep of the treeswould be difficult to obtain. In some of the European countries thisobstacle has not been insurmountable. There are many villages in Europein which privately owned fields are not even fenced and fruit and nuttrees growing for the benefit of the village are left untouched by thepasser by in this older civilization. A man would no more think oftaking what belonged to the town than he would think of taking propertyfrom the storehouse of a neighbor. In this country we have not yetarrived at that point in civilization. The distinction between _meum_and _tuum_ in a free country is sometimes blurred. What are we to do about this whole question? That is the practicalpoint. Change human nature and educate the public. In towns belonging toour system of government there is some question if the public would everallow nut trees to bring revenue sufficient for their upkeep and toyield a profit for the town. On the other hand, by means of educationthe public may come to desire the planting of nut trees along thehighways and in other public places to the extent that it will submit totaxation for the purpose. The public planting of nut trees belongs toprogress. If we are to remain boastful of progress in this country thequestion will gradually be developed in a practical way. THE PRESIDENT: You have heard the reading of Dr. Morris'spaper. Are there any remarks thereon or any discussion? MR. A. C. POMEROY: Some years ago there was objection raised atLos Angeles to the use of sewage water for irrigating purposes inraising tomatoes and other vegetables. The city then bought the propertyand set out orchards of English walnuts. I understand that they aregrowing and that the revenue goes to the city of Los Angeles. As to the road-side planting of nut trees in Europe, to which Dr. Morrisrefers, the very first battle fought in the great world war when theBelgians were resisting the Germans was along where there were thirtymiles of English walnut trees on both sides of a highway. I understoodthat every tree was demolished. I think our secretary or treasurer couldfind out about the Los Angeles park and the nut trees. As to monument trees, about twelve or fifteen years ago, at my home, Iset out a grove in our cemetery in memory of my father and it is doingfine. It seemed quite appropriate for he took such an interest in nutgrowing. THE SECRETARY: I would like to speak a word in defense of ourAmerican civilization, as evidenced by something that Mr. Bixby and Isaw this summer at Lockport, New York. We observed that one of the mainhighways leading from the town of Lockport to one of the principallakeside resorts, was unfenced, lined with fruit trees on bothsides--cherry trees which overhung the sidewalk. The sides of the roadalso were planted with tomatoes and other vegetables apparentlyunharmed. The trees certainly did not show any evidence of injury fromdepredations. Whether the products of the trees were taken or not I donot know but they still had fruit on them. Possibly those who live inthat neighborhood--Mr. Olcott and Mr. Pomeroy--could tell us more indefense of American civilization as to depredations on road-sideproperty. MR. POMEROY: There are some people--what do you call them--dunghills--in this world, and I have had a little trouble with them but notmuch. They run around in automobiles and get out and take fruit. Dr. Deming and Mr. Olcott know how close the school house is to my home. Thefact is the children walk under the nut trees when they take the cutthrough the private driveway, but I have very little trouble with them. I think the greatest object lesson was given last year, when two youngmen, who were hunting pheasants, took a half bushel of nuts and werecaught at it. They did not think it amounted to anything. They camealong up to the house and the nuts were taken and put upon the dryingrack. While they were arguing an automobile stopped and the nuts weresold. They came to nine dollars and a few cents by the pound. One ofthese young men--he was in the retail tobacco business, --threw up hishands and said, "I admit it; I would not want you to walk into my storeand grab nine or ten dollars' worth of goods; I admit this is allwrong. " MR. R. T. OLCOTT: I have been very much surprised in thediscussion of road-side planting, of fruit and nut trees at theprominence given to that feature of it which deals with the publictaking the crop. That seems to me to be such a minor part of theproposition as to be almost negligible, and while it continues to arousediscussion I cannot see the vital importance of it. In a great manyundertakings there are drawbacks but the undertakings go right on andwhen the difficulties arise they are met in turn. I think the thing forthis association, and all others in favor of road-side tree planting todo is to go ahead with the proposition and forget the question of thecrop and what is going to be done with it. As a matter of fact farmersare complaining continually of the depredations on their orchardsresulting from the increase of automobile parties--perfectly respectablepeople going out on the road-side and helping themselves. If fine fruitand nut trees were planted along the road-sides and the crops were beingpicked, it seems to me that, under a general understanding that thepublic was to let these trees alone, and that any one caught or seenpicking the crops would be reported by the one following, it wouldautomatically police itself. The finger of ridicule would be pointed ata person who was so doing by somebody other than a uniformed officer, inother words by an ordinary citizen. I speak of that because in Rochesterduring the war when it was deemed necessary not to run automobiles onSunday it was as much as his life was worth for a man to be out with hiscar on Sunday, not because of any police officer but because of theother fellow who was staying at home. I think that the other travelersalong the road will take care of the fellow that violates theunderstanding about roadside fruit and nut trees. THE VICE-PRESIDENT: I come from Rochester, New York, and I knowthat in and around Rochester there are fruit-bearing trees planted alongthe roadside. Out on the road to Honeoye Falls there are a number ofapple trees and out through the Webster section there are a number ofcherry trees. I do not know what the results have been in the garneringof crops, but the appearance of the trees indicates that they are wellcared for and that they are producing abundant crops of fruit. InAlbany, Georgia, planted on the street side in front of the court house, are a number of pecan trees. I have seen them loaded to capacity withsplendid seedling nuts. I understand that any one walking along thesidewalk under the trees has the right to pick up any nuts that are onthe walk but is not permitted (at least it has been suggested that he donot) to reach up into the trees to take the nuts. I understand that therequest has been very faithfully regarded and that it is very rare thatthe nuts are picked from the trees. Just what is done with the crop ofnuts from those trees I do not know but I assume that it is harvestedand marketed and the returns made to the town. The trees indicate thatthey are splendidly cared for and the citizens take a great deal ofpride in their splendid appearance. I talked with the man who plantedthem, an employee of the court house, and he himself was simplydelighted that he had been responsible for such a splendid monument. Andproperty owners referred to in my home section, before whose premisesthese cherry trees and apple trees were planted, I feel very sure wouldnot complain at all bitterly, if at all, about any filching that mightbe indulged in. So that I think, as Mr. Olcott has suggested, that maybewe are trying to cross the bridge before we get to it; that the thing todo is to urge the planting of nut trees on the roadsides and tostimulate a sense of pride in our American citizenship. MR. OLCOTT: We all agree that trees of this kind planted alongthe sides of city streets would never be touched. I have been at Miami, Florida, and have seen the bearing coconut trees there. No one wouldthink of knocking off one of those coconuts and thousands of people passunder them. THE SECRETARY: I think it is very important to have brought outthis optimistic view on the question of depredations on road-side fruittrees. I think it is only a question of time, as Mr. Olcott says, whenthe public will be educated to respect such products. If they have doneit in other countries we can do it in this country. It is a question ofthe people becoming accustomed to it when we have enough of suchproducts. When the whole country is covered with such products I thinkthere will be no difficulty about maintaining respect for them. You knowthat sometimes after the loss of a very small amount of property therewill be very great reaction. Some people feel that because robins take afew cherries or strawberries all robins ought to be exterminated. There are two other remarks in Dr. Morris's paper which should haveconsideration. I refer to those bearing upon nurserymen and publicofficials. MR. OLCOTT: If there is any question relating to nurserymen, weare very fortunate in having one of the most prominent nurserymen in theUnited States at our meeting today. I refer to Mr. John Watson, ofPrinceton, New Jersey. THE PRESIDENT: We certainly would be glad to hear from Mr. Watson. If I may be permitted to make a statement from the chair I agreefully with what Mr. Olcott has had to say as to depredations. Possibledepredations in connection with the trees that may be planted along theroad-side, either fruit or nut, are hardly worthy of consideration. Withmy good wife in passing through New York State recently I drove throughrows of fruit trees on either side of the roads, as did Dr. Deming andTreasurer Bixby, and we were surprised to see that they were loaded withapples. The fact that the trees were loaded with fruit of course provedthat the fruit had not been stolen or taken from the trees. They had notbeen disturbed in any way. A number of years ago while holding theposition of postmaster in Saginaw I planted a black walnut. That walnuthas produced a fine walnut tree. I selected a nice place on the postoffice grounds at a corner where two of our prominent streets meet inthe business portion of the city. Last fall for the first time that treebore walnuts--about a bushel and a half; and the employees of thepostoffice gathered those walnuts and sent them in a complimentary wayto me. Now that tree being in a public place, you would naturally expectthe boys to have taken the nuts from it, but they did not do it. So thatI know that that particular phase of this question as Mr. Olcott hassaid is hardly worthy of consideration. Suppose now and then the boys doget a few fallen walnuts or apples. No harm is done. Just that much morefood is produced for their benefit by this way of planting. I now take pleasure in calling upon Mr. Watson relative to Dr. Morris'sreference to the nursery business. MR. JOHN WATSON: I am afraid that Mr. Olcott's suggestion mightpossibly have given you the idea that I have something to say on thisquestion or that I wanted to say something on it. I assure you that thatis not the case. I am not a member of your association much to myregret. I am just visiting here trying to learn something from yourmeeting (this is the first one that I have attended) rather than to tryto tell you something. The question is whether I have any objection to make to Dr. Morris's twostatements. I can say that they are both very reasonable. As anurseryman I have no objection. Of course, I cannot speak for any othernurseryman. I was rather surprised upon looking at the roll of those in attendanceat this convention at the absence of nurserymen. I should think thatthose who produced the things that you people are trying to interest thecountry in would be the very men who would be the most interested inbeing here. It seems to me that you are trying to make a market for thegoods that they are producing. I am rather surprised not to see at leasthalf the attendance here made up of nurserymen. It is entirely possible that I have not have understood those twostatements made by Dr. Morris and I may be rather careless in sayingthat I do not object to them. They were, I believe, that nurserymenprefer, naturally, to produce the things that they can produce mosteasily and at least cost, and, in the second place that they produce thethings that they can sell. That is what most manufacturers do. I couldnot find fault with either statement. The nurseryman as a manufactureror as a merchant of course produces the things that people want to buy. He may go a certain distance in producing the things that are worthwhile, that are better than other things; but in the last analysis hemust depend upon the buying public and the buying public is always goingto get from the nurseryman just exactly what it demands. THE SECRETARY: In regard to the presence of so few nurserymenat our meetings I would like to say that we have long tried to interestthe nurserymen in nut growing. We always have had a few nurserymen withus; but I think without exception they have been those who had eitherpreviously become interested in nut growing or had become interested init through some other influence than that of this association. It hasbeen a great disappointment to us that we have never been able tointerest the nurserymen generally. Although we have at times sentspecial communications to a great many nurserymen I think we haveuniversally failed to get any response except from those who werealready interested in nut growing. THE PRESIDENT: I do not think there is a movement in thecountry today that will amount to as much for the nurserymen of Americaas this particular movement that we have been promoting for a few yearsback. I know that it is becoming universal. During my short experienceas your president I have found that inquiries have come from all overthe United States asking how they may procure these trees and especiallyasking how they may procure the finest varieties. It is along thatparticular line that the nurserymen certainly could extend theirbusiness greatly; because as this movement of road-side planting goesalong the man who has a good farm, the general farmer in his business, or any man with a small piece of ground that he can call his own, willwant to plant a good nut tree thereon of a most improved variety. Now somany of these trees will be called for in the next few years (I do notthink I am over-optimistic in the matter at all) that it will beimpossible to supply the demand. So I am sure that any man who isregularly engaged in the nursery business will find that he will becalled upon to supply a demand for the better class of trees that reallycannot be filled for years to come. In this way his business will belargely benefited. Are there any further remarks on this particularphase of the question? MR. OLCOTT: As editor of the American Nurseryman I amespecially interested in this discussion. There is scarcely a catalogueof a southern nurseryman of any consequence but lists nut trees; and yetwe have the Northern Nut Growers' Association convention here now, andwe will have a National convention in Mobile next week right in theheart of the pecan growing section at neither of which will there be ahalf dozen nurserymen. I think both of these associations should havemore nurserymen members. They list nut trees but do it in a perfunctoryway. I do not believe nurserymen know what this northern association isdoing nor how near they are to the demand for the trees which will bewanted in the very near future. I think it is up to this association tomake special efforts to acquaint them with the facts, and then I thinkthey will come in and be active members. All persons connected with nutculture and all nurserymen ought to be most active members of such anorganization as this. The subject should go before the membershipcommittee. MR. SAMUEL L. SMEDLEY: I have had a little experience withblack walnuts and have found that they do not mix at all with farm cropsnor with fruit. Possibly you folks from Michigan can solve the problembut I would not thank anybody for planting black walnuts along the roadin front of my place. I am in favor of road-side planting but I do notthink black walnuts would be acceptable in this part of the country, from what my experience has been. THE TREASURER: Let me ask why it is you think they would not beacceptable. MR. SMEDLEY: I had a grand big walnut tree on my place at oneside of the road. I tried to get apple trees to grow on the oppositeside of the road but could not and it could not be accounted for by anyother reason. I know other people have come to the some conclusion thatcertain things would not grow near a walnut tree. Some grasses will. Ifyou go down through Lancaster County along the Lincoln Highway you willfind a quantity of locust trees thriving there. Wheat and things willgrow right up to the roots of those trees, but I do not think you willfind that they will grow up to a black walnut. THE TREASURER: I had a chance to observe, last summer, a blackwalnut tree out in the field with a crop planted right under it. Itseems to me it is a question of shade. With this walnut tree withbranches low down the corn seemed to be stunted where it grew a littleway under the branches. On the other hand I saw another one where thebranches were high up and cabbages growing almost up to the tree andabout as luxuriantly as outside of its branches. It seems to me that itis a matter of shade rather than the tree getting the fertility in theground. It may be that if the fertility in the ground is not sufficientfor both tree and crop the tree will take it and let the crop suffer. But I imagine if there is enough for both, and the crop is not shaded, the crop can be grown much nearer the tree than we have any idea of. MR. J. G. RUSH: I want to say a word about this way-sideplanting in our neighborhood. I do not think it is the general practicein Lancaster County where land is valued at two or three hundred dollarsan acre. If you plant a walnut tree on a public thoroughfare there istemptation for children to go there to gather walnuts, endangering theirlives on account of the automobiles. One gentleman said something about a walnut tree damaging the crops. Inmy experience with black walnut nursery trees some have what is called avery strong top root while others have a deep root. It is the firstkind, the surface rooted, that will do your crop damage but not thedeep-rooted kind. Now another thing. Suppose one plants a cherry tree. To whom do thecherries belong? To the man who planted the tree practically on hispremises. But the limbs extend out on the public highway. If I, theowner, take a ladder out there and pick cherries and an automobile comesrunning past and throws me down I am practically a trespasser on thepublic highway. I believe I would not plant along the public highwaywith the idea of getting any fruit from the trees. I think however whenyou have a railroad going through your premises it is entirelypracticable to plant your nut trees alongside the railroad, especiallywhere there is a fill. Where the roots will grow under it and thriveluxuriantly. Nearly every farmer has a small stream running through hispremises. You plant your walnut trees or your filbert trees along thatstream, and you will have magnificent results. I do not want to beunderstood as disparaging nut tree planting. MR. D. F. CLARK: I would like to know if the planting of blackwalnut trees is discriminated against because of the difficulty ofgetting the meat out of the nut. I have made a great many experimentsand have not been able to get the meat out of the nut in large pieces. Is there some kind of a machine made for that purpose? Black walnutkernels bring a splendid price and if we could get them open right itwould be fine. THE SECRETARY: That difficulty is being taken care of by theimproved varieties which are being raised and which you can get ongrafted trees. I am inclined to agree with Mr. Bixby in regard to its being the shadeof black walnut trees that affects the crops growing near them ratherthan the roots of the trees. I have seen the same thing that Mr. Bixbydescribes, a high-pruned black walnut tree with wheat growing clear upto the trunk. I have photographs of a number of fields in Europe wherethe English walnut is grown. The trees are pruned high and the wheatgrows up close to the trunks of the trees. I would like to say also that I think it is the purpose of those whoadvocate the road-side planting of trees not to do it forcibly nor tocompel anybody to have trees planted in front of his premises if he doesnot want them, but to give him a voice in the selection of the kind oftrees that should be planted in front of his property. I think that is anecessary thing for the success of the movement, that the co-operationof the property owners should be invited by giving them a voice in theselection of the trees that are planted in their location. DR. RITTENHOUSE: I feel that this matter of the injury causedby a black walnut to surrounding vegetation should be more thoroughlythrashed out. It is doubtful to my mind whether the injury that a blackwalnut produces on surrounding vegetation is solely due to shade. Sevenyears ago I planted an apple orchard and some of the young trees beganto be injured by a large walnut tree possibly seventy five feet away. The walnut tree happened to be on the line and I got the permission ofmy neighbor to cut the walnut tree down. The apple trees immediatelybegan to thrive. I thought perhaps it was due to the roots demanding toomuch moisture from the soil because it was impossible for the shade todo any harm to those young apple trees. There is a superstitious ideaamong the people of our locality that the black walnut root is injuriousto growing vegetation. MR. SMEDLEY: In my case the walnut tree was on the oppositeside of a public road thirty feet wide and the influence was shown tothe second row of apple trees on the other side. I do not think it wasthe shade in that case. The limbs were pretty high too. It was a publicroad. I do not think there were any roots that reached the apple treesat all. MR. MCGLENNON: Mr. Rush's reference to the ownership of thecrop on trees planted on the road-side is a thought that has occupied mymind, and I have found some consolation in the belief that the ownershipof land applies from the center of the roadway. I am not sure about thatand I think it is a point that ought to be clarified. MR. SMEDLEY: I think in Pennsylvania the public just have theright-of-way there; they have no claim to anything that grows. THE PRESIDENT: In Michigan, the law applies that the ownershipgoes to the middle of the highway. The recent act of the legislature ofour state causes the state highway commissioner to plant trees for themaintenance of the roadway. The planting of the trees he claims benefitsthe roadway, so that under that application he plants the trees for themaintenance of the road. The distance from the fence line varies. Thestate highway department of Michigan has a department for the plantingof trees since the law introduced by Senator Penney some two or threeyears ago came into effect. The commissioner varies his planting, sometimes in groups and sometimes in a formal way, according to thestretch of road; but the basis of it all, perhaps, would be thirteenfeet from the lot line on each side of the road. Our roads, or at leastninety per cent of them, are sixty-six feet in width. Thirteen feet fromthe lot line on each side would take twenty-six feet, and planting themforty feet apart in the other direction makes those trees forty feetapart each way. A great majority of the trees being planted in Michiganfollow that particular plan, so they are thirteen feet from the propertyholder's fence line. I might say that occasionally the highway commissioner would run acrossan obstinate individual who would not plant trees in front of his placenor permit such trees to be planted as would conform to the otherplantings. But the law passed at the last session of our legislatureleaves it entirely in the control of the planting department of thehighway department. The law reads that the owner of the adjacentproperty shall have the privilege of gathering the fruit or nuts orwhatever may come from that tree. He has no better right, perhaps, thanany other citizen of the State of Michigan, but he is there and can getthe first ripe fruit or nuts which come from the tree. THEPRESIDENT: Are there any further remarks upon this subject? If not, I have a paper prepared by Prof. A. K. Chittendon, Professor of Forestryin the Michigan Agricultural College, which I will ask the secretary toread. ROADSIDE PLANTING _Prof. A. K. Chittendon_ The improvement and beautification of our highways is one of the bestinvestments that can be made. Particularly in the Middle West where wedo not have the panorama of hills and mountains, much of the beauty ofthe road depends upon the roadside trees. They frame the long vistas offarmlands, woods, lakes and rivers and lend enchantment to the road. Under recent legislation Michigan has taken a leading place in the careand planting of roadside trees. Provision has been made by theLegislature for the planting of ornamental and food-producing treesalong the highways and for their protection. The highways offer an almost limitless field for ornamental planting andthey also offer opportunities for raising certain food producing treesof which at present the nut trees are the principal species used. A timemay come when we can safely plant fruit trees along the roadside butuntil provisions can be made for their systematic care and spraying, such trees would be liable to spread disease to nearby orchards. Roadside trees increase the value of adjacent property. They attractbirds and thus assist in keeping down insect pests. They may be used toprevent erosion on steep slopes. They increase the life of certain kindsof improved highways by protecting the roadbed from the direct heat ofthe sun. They serve as a source of food if nut-bearing orsugar-producing trees are used. They invite tourists to travel over thehighways. They may serve as a windbreak to prevent the drifting of sand. Roadside trees may, however, be too close together or by their shadeinjure crop production in adjacent fields. Some species of trees areparticularly harmful if planted on the edge of a cultivated field. Theysend out their roots under the cultivated land and sap the moistureessential to plant growth. This can be avoided by using trees with deepor compact root systems. The desirability of planting trees of any sort along the highways issometimes questioned. There are places where it is urged that trees arenot desirable. On stretches of road where the soil is naturally wet theheavy shade cast by certain species of trees is undoubtedlyobjectionable; but there are also trees whose shade is very light. Sometrees make such a dense mass of foliage that they tend to prevent aircurrents and thus keep the moisture in the road from drying out. Alongsuch stretches of road the method of planting may affect the matter oflight and air, and species of trees can be chosen which will bepractically unobjectionable. Most of the highway planting in the pasthas been a matter of chance and there have been few definite plans forany long stretch of roadway. In selecting trees for planting the probable rate of growth andappearance of the tree at maturity should be borne in mind. What mightseem entirely satisfactory in young trees may prove objectionable in thecost of mature ones. The size and shape of the tree at maturity shouldbe considered as it affects the spacing of the trees. Also the amount ofcare which it will be possible to give the trees should influence thechoice of species; for certain trees will produce good results with asmall amount of attention while others require a great deal of care. Thematter of interference with telephone and electric wires must also beconsidered. A species should be selected which is relatively free fromthe attacks of insects and fungi. It would be very difficult to find atree which is entirely immune but there are some trees which are moreresistant than others. The amount of shade cast by the tree is of agreat deal of importance in connection with the moisture conditions;trees are often placed too close together which prevents their properdevelopment. Where quick results are desired two species are often used, a fast growing one planted in between slower growing trees; the ideabeing to cut out the fast growing tree after the slower growing oneshave reached good size. This is alright in theory but seldom works wellin practice. The fast growing trees are seldom cut at the proper timeand the result is often the stunting and injuring of the better and moredurable trees. The fast growing trees usually die before many years. Theresult is seldom satisfactory. The question of litter while of importance with city street trees doesnot matter so much in the case of highway trees, but the cottony seedfrom poplars is very objectionable anywhere. The longevity of a tree isimportant. The desire for quick results often outweighs otherconsiderations. Many of the trees which give results such as silvermaple, box elder and Carolina poplar do not last long and the effortspent on them is wasted. More time and money is needed within a shorttime to remove and replace such trees. It is better to plant well in thefirst place. Trees do not grow at the same rate throughout their life. They usually grow slowly at first and then fairly rapidly between thetenth and thirteenth years, after which the rate of growth usually fallsoff gradually. If small trees, about ten feet high are used for plantingthey should reach the following sizes in twenty years on favorable soil: American elm 18 inches Basswood 15 " Chestnut 12 " Hard maple 11 " Red oak 11 " Pin oak 9 " White ash 9 " Black walnut 8 " Hackberry 7 " Certain trees such as the horse chestnut and the evergreens generallyappear to better advantage alone or in groups while others like theelms, maples and box elder show to fine advantage in long rows. It isdoubtful if the planting of windbreaks along the highways is advisable. Windbreaks are sometimes planted with the idea of preventing thedrifting of snow but the snow will collect and form great drifts on theleeward side of a windbreak and the shade from the windbreak may preventthe snow from melting so rapidly. Hedges may be used, however, toprevent the shifting of sand or the erosion of steep slopes. The highways offer excellent opportunities for nut production and suchtrees as the black walnut and hickories may often be used to advantage. The presence of birds may be encouraged by planting hackberry and othertrees or shrubs of which they are fond. The Michigan Agricultural College was authorized by the Legislature toraise trees for roadside planting. The College is raising red oak, blackwalnut, oriental sycamore, sugar maple, elm, hackberry, snowdrop tree, Juneberry, hickory, European larch, Norway maple and box elder for thispurpose. Other trees may be added to the list from time to time. In addition to the planting of trees we need also the proper care ofthose already planted or growing naturally along the roads. Thecommonest source of injury is due to improper pruning for telephonelines. A great many trees are badly injured in this way. We already havea large investment in highway trees and it is only the part of wisdom toprotect this investment. Michigan has started active work in highway planting and we hope in afew years to be able to point with pride to our highways, not onlybecause of the good roadbeds but also because of the trees and shrubsthat line those roads. THE PRESIDENT: Is there any discussion on Prof. Chittendon'spaper? If not, it will be received and filed in the proceedings. It is now near the noon hour and I think it would be well to have Mr. Jones or Mr. Rush state what program has been arranged for thisafternoon. MR. J. F. JONES: I believe the plan is to get dinner here, andthen to go to our nursery at Willow Street. From there some machineswill take the parties who do not have conveyances, around to otherpoints. THE SECRETARY: Mr. President, in accordance with Article V ofthe Constitution, I move that a committee of five members be elected forthe purpose of nominating officers for the ensuing year. (Motion seconded and carried. ) THE SECRETARY: Mr. President, I move that Mr. Olcott be namedthe chairman of that committee. Mr. J. F. Jones, Mr. John Rick, Mr. Ernest M. Ives and Mr. C. S. Ridgeway were nominated as members of said committee. Messrs. Olcott, Jones, Rick, Ives and Ridgeway having been nominatedwere on motion duly elected members of a committee to nominate officersfor the ensuing year in accordance with Article V. Of the Constitution. On motion the meeting adjourned until 8 p. M. Same day. EVENING SESSION October 6, 1921, 8 p. M. _Hotel Brunswick_ PRESIDENT LINTON: A recess was taken from the morning sessionuntil this time for the purpose of considering a roadside planting billthat might be recommended by this association to the authorities ofevery state in the Union. In order to bring this about we will havepresented to you by Senator Penney, who was the introducer of theoriginal bill that became a law in the Michigan legislature, a copy ofthe laws practically as they exist in our state today. We take a littlepride in Michigan in being the first state to work along this particularline. Our agricultural college staffs, the highway department andseveral other branches of the Michigan government, are heartily andenthusiastically co-operating in this work. I have in my hand a noticethat has been sent out by the state highway commissioner of Michigan toevery highway commissioner in the state. We have about two thousand ofthe latter. We have in the neighborhood of two thousand townships sixmiles square and in each of these townships we have a supervisor, wehave a highway commissioner and we have members of what is known as thetownship board. This notice that I have, and you will see it is quitecomplete and goes into a number of details, is sent by our state highwaycommissioner to each one of the township commissioners of northMichigan, and he closes his letter accompanying it with this: Fourth: (President Linton reads). You will see from that that we are well under way in connection withroadside planting in our state of Michigan. I now take pleasure inpresenting to you a member of our legislature who introduced the firstbill that became a law along these particular lines, Senator Harvey A. Penney of Michigan. SENATOR PENNEY: In the legislature of Michigan several billshave been introduced by its members, but as I stated at the lastconvention they were not drawn up in such a way that they were fittedfor our laws. As Mr. Littlepage said it takes quite a while to figureout a law that fits your own state law. These several laws wereintroduced but in some way or another the committees of the legislaturenever took kindly to them and they were not passed. But two years ago Ihad a bill passed. Since then we have seen some imperfections and wepassed another law at the last session of the legislature which providesthat the cost of planting trees and caring for them shall come out ofthe maintenance fund, that is, the maintenance fund that provides forthe maintenance of highways. I don't know how the laws are in most ofyour states but in Michigan the law is that the owner of land owns notonly his farm but the land to the center of the highway subject to theright of the public to have the use of it for travel. Then how are yougoing to plant trees on a man's land if the highway belongs to that man?They did it on the theory that the trees were necessary for themaintenance of the highway. There never has been a test case on this lawbut the highway department has a very able lawyer who was in theattorney general's office and since then has been elected circuit judgeof the county in which Lansing is located. His idea was that the treesshould be planted on the highway for the purpose of protecting thehighway, and the cost of planting them and taking care of them should betaken out of the maintenance fund. So that is the theory upon which theyare working under this bill. +------------------------------------------------------------------+ |Transcribers note: The format in this section has been transcribed| |exactly as in the original. | +------------------------------------------------------------------+ A BILL to provide for and regulate the planting of useful, memorial, ornamental, nut bearing and other food producing trees, shrubs, and plants along the streets, highways and other public thoroughfares and places within the State of (Michigan); and for the maintenance, protection and care of such trees and shrubs as a part of the maintenance of the roads in certain cases; and to provide a penalty for injury thereof, or for stealing the products thereof, -- _The People of the State of (Michigan) enact:_ 1 Section 1. The (State Highway Commissioner) is hereby authorized and empowered 2 and it shall be his duty to select and plant by seeds, 3 scions or otherwise, useful, ornamental, nut bearing and other food producing trees, shrubs and plants 4 suitable for shade, maintenance and protection of the highways 5 along State trunk line and Federal aided roads and for the use and benefit of the public, and to care for and maintain all such trees, shrubs or plants. 6 The care of such trees shall be deemed a part of the road maintenance work. 7 The varieties or species 8 so planted shall be subject to the approval of the 9 (State Department of Agriculture) and may be supplied 10 by the (State Agricultural College) or other State Institution or Department, or elsewhere acquired by the 11 (State Highway Commissioner). The (State Highway Commissioner) 12 shall make and publish rules and regulations for the 13 planting and proper placing of trees, shrubs or plants and for their proper 14 pruning, care and protection under the provisions of this act, and all 15 such planting shall belong to the State, but the owner of 16 the adjacent land shall have the right to take and use the products thereof. 17 All expenses incurred in planting or caring for such trees and shrubs along 18 trunk line and Federal aided roads of the State shall be paid in the same manner as is or may be provided 19 by law for the payment of the cost of maintaining trunk line or Federal aided roads. 1 Sec. 2. Counties, townships, cities and villages of the State are 2 hereby authorized to appropriate money for the purpose of planting, 3 caring for and protecting useful, memorial, ornamental, nut bearing and other 4 food producing trees, shrubs and plants along and within streets, highways, thoroughfares and other public places 5 other than trunk line or Federal aided 6 roads, within the respective limits of such municipalities and 7 subject to the jurisdiction thereof. The expenditure of any such fund 8 raised hereunder in a township shall be vested in the 9 (highway commissioner) of the township subject to the approval of the township board. 10 Any such fund raised by a county shall be expended by and under the 11 direction of the (board of county road commissioners;) and 12 any such fund raised in a city or village shall be expended by the highway or other proper municipal board or authority 13 thereof, in accordance with its charter laws or ordinances or under the direction of the common council 14 or legislative body of such city or village. All such 15 appropriations made under this section by any municipality shall 16 be made in the same manner as is or may be provided by law for 17 the raising of money for highway or park maintenance purposes. Sec. 3. Trees may be planted along the highways or other public places by proper authorities and designated as memorial trees for the purpose of commemorating important military or civic events, or in memory of any person distinguished for noteworthy acts, or for conspicuous service in behalf of the nation, the State of Michigan or any local community thereof. Suitable tablets, boulders or other markers of a permanent character may be contributed by any person, or by any civic or military association and placed in conjunction with such memorial trees subject to the approval and consent of the proper authorities in control or in direct charge of such highways or public places. That 1 Sec. 4. The owner of any real estate in the state of (Michigan) that 2 borders upon a public highway other than a trunk line, Federal aided or 3 county road shall have the right to, plant useful, ornamental, 4 nut bearing and other food producing trees and shrubs along 5 the line of said highway adjoining said land, and within the limits thereof, 6 and shall receive annually a credit of twenty cents upon his 7 highway repair tax for each tree so planted and growing in good order: Provided, however, 8 That all such planting shall be done in accordance with the 9 rules and regulations prescribed by the (State Highway Commissioner) 10 for the planting of trees along trunk line and 11 Federal aided roads. Said trees and shrubs and the products 12 thereof shall be subject to the same incidents as to ownership and use as are 13 provided for in section 1 hereof with respects to trees planted 14 along and within trunk line highways. No bounty shall be paid 15 or deduction allowed under the provisions of this section upon any tree or trees for a longer period than five years. 16 The owner of the adjoining land shall have the care of such 17 trees and shrubs and shall have the duty and responsibility 18 for the trimming, spraying and cultivation thereof unless otherwise provided in the charter, ordinances, or other regulations of incorporated cities and villages. 19 In case any such tree or shrub should become diseased or shall in any manner 20 interfere with the public use of the highway the authorities 21 having jurisdiction over such highway may by written notice 22 require the owner of the adjoining land to cut and remove such trees or shrub. 23 If such notice is not complied with within thirty days after 24 service thereof such authorities may cut and remove such diseased 25 or obnoxious tree or shrub. 1 Sec. 5. The (State Board of Agriculture) and other State Departments having lands and facilities therefore are hereby 2 authorized to acquire and grow suitable seeds, scions, and 3 trees for planting under the provisions of this act and to 4 establish proper rules and regulations for the distribution thereof at 5 nominal cost, or otherwise, to the State, to municipalities of the State, and to 6 private citizens for the purposes hereby contemplated. Sec. 6. It shall be unlawful to cut, destroy or otherwise injure any shade or ornamental tree or shrub growing within the limits of any public highway within the State of Michigan without the consent of the authorities having jurisdiction over such road. In the case of a trunk line of Federal aided road the (State Highway Commissioner) shall be deemed to have such jurisdiction in all cases. It shall also be unlawful to affix to any tree or shrub any picture, announcement, notice or advertisement, or to negligently permit any animal to break down or injure the same. Any person violating any of the provisions of this act shall be deemed to be guilty of a misdemeanor and on conviction thereof shall be punished by a fine of not more than one hundred dollars or by imprisonment in the county jail for a period not exceeding thirty days, or by both such fine and imprisonment within the discretion of the court. Now some of the farmers along the road say that the trees will bediseased, but I don't think that nut trees as a rule, or shade trees, are affected very much with pests. The elm trees have been troubledsomewhat. In the West where we live I don't think there is any troubleof that kind. There may be with apple trees and fruit trees. Our agricultural college at Lansing has at the present time one hundredthousand trees ready to plant under this bill. There are some that theyhave been raising for a long time and some they have recently planted. They hardly knew what to do with them. Now they have agreed to turn themover to the state to be planted on our highways. One thing that we had trouble with in Michigan was the telephone andtelegraph companies stringing wires along the public highway. They havecut the top of the tree right straight off and disfigured the tree anddisfigured the appearance of the highway. This bill is supposed toprevent that. Our highway department has been trying to get thetelephone and telegraph companies to get the right from private ownersto put their poles on private land, or to put a pole and let an armstick out through the tree without cutting the tree down. I recentlycame from Detroit. There the telephone companies have started to stringlines and to cut trees. The highway commissioner has notified them thatthey must not cut the trees down or cut them off or disfigure them andhe has introduced the state constabulary to enforce this ruling. Undoubtedly sooner or later there will be a test case to determinewhether or not the state has this authority. I listened this afternoon to a discussion about walnut trees shading thehighway. I have no practical experience to know whether these trees doany damage to crops on account of the shade, but supposing you raised afine walnut tree along the highway and the tree begins to bear. Wouldnot the products you get from that tree more than offset the damage itdoes to a crop close to the tree? I once had an aunt, when I was a verysmall boy, and it seems to me she said that she raised forty bushels ofblack walnuts on one tree. I saw that big hickory tree today. Theyclaimed they raised fifteen bushels on that tree. I thought fortybushels was a lot to come off of one tree. MR. BIXBY: That was in the husk. There have been records ofthat kind in the husk. SENATOR PENNEY: This bill has been introduced and passed andMr. Linton, who is practically the author of this bill, is desirous ofhaving this followed up in the different states. I think it would be agood plan. What better investment could you make to beautify ourhighways than the planting of good trees? In the southern part of thestate of Michigan there are quite a lot of good trees, black walnuts, butternuts, which not only add beauty to your highways but are useful inmany ways. During the war we know that the government scoured the wholecountry to find walnut trees to make stocks for guns, and to use inairplanes for propeller blades. They used the shucks to make gas masks. The trees could be made of further service to man by planting them asmemorial trees. And again they furnish food, not only bear leaves butfood. I would like to hear a discussion upon this bill from those who are fromother states. I would like to hear what their opinion might be as to thedifferent provisions of this bill. PRESIDENT LINTON: The subject is now open for discussion. I amsure that there are those here who would perhaps offer amendments tothat bill. They might desire to modify it some. They might desire to addother features to it. For instance, it might be well to recognize thedesire at the present time to save useful bird life throughout thecountry. That might be stated in the title to this bill as one of thepurposes of roadside planting. Certainly that would be one of theresults of road side planting. SENATOR PENNEY: The bill provides not only for planting trees, but for planting shrubs along the highway. That created quite a fight inthe legislature. One fellow thought we were going to buy a whole lot ofnursery stock and spend a pile of money. We are not. But here was theidea. Those shrubs are useful not only for furnishing food for birds, that are necessary to farmers, but are useful sometimes to preventshifting sand, and also snow from covering the highways. You have oftennoticed that the railroad companies put up fences at different points toprevent snow from drifting on the tracks. Bushes can serve the samepurpose. PRESIDENT LINTON: The subject is now before the body fordiscussion. MR. LITTLEPAGE: To print the newspapers in the United States itrequires enough wood each year to make one cord of timber from Bostonclear across the American continent and across to the Hawaiian Islandsand further. Most of that, perhaps half of it, comes from Canada. Thereis cut from the forests of the United States every year timber to makewood pulp enough to make one cord of wood from Boston to Liverpool. Thatis just for newspapers. That has nothing to do with furniture, withhouses, with cross ties, with everything else, which are estimated totake four times as much. Now if that be true there is cut every yearfrom the forests of the United States enough timber to make four cordsfrom Boston to Liverpool. That is going on every year. We met here sevenyears ago. In that seven years there has been enough timber cut from theforests of the United States to make twenty-eight cords of wood fromBoston to Liverpool. Now when you begin to contemplate that you see whatis happening. Roadside planting furnishes one of the greatest opportunities. There aremany details that will have to be worked out. The bill which the Senatorand our distinguished President have given much consideration to seemsto be working along the right lines. Many difficulties will come up fromtime to time but this is one of the things that this Association oughtto get behind. Here is a great need, a fundamental need, when you thinkof the figures which I gave you. Here is one of the opportunities tofulfill that need. We, as an organization of tree planters, ought to getbusy to help to work out the details and difficulties that cannot be allforeseen in the application of the machinery of roadside planting andthe particular laws of each state. Some people think sometimes thatbecause a fellow is a lawyer he knows all the laws. There areforty-eight different states in the Union. I know that every state inthe Union has a statute of limitations. It is three years in theDistrict of Columbia. It is six years here. The fundamentals, themachinery of laws, are different in these particular states. Now then, what are the duties and what are the opportunities? A duty and anopportunity are rather more or less synonymous after all. It is for thisAssociation to get actively behind this proposition, and help adapt thislegislation to each particular state, keeping in mind that thefundamental thing is to plant trees. We are meeting here in Lancaster, Pa. , a city to which I have always turned my thoughts with great pride, because here was the home of the founder of the great common schoolsystem of America, Thaddeus Stevens. Do you suppose when he began tooriginate the system which has made America that he could foresee allthe difficulties, that he could foresee the difficulties in Texas, inIndiana, in New York? He started with a principle, and that principlehas been adopted and developed and worked out in each particular state, until we have the great forty-eight different big school systems ofAmerica. We can take this proposition and by working it out, adapting itto the particular machinery, the particular laws, and meeting theparticular difficulties, we can work it out until it becomes a greatmonument. We must plant trees. MR. MCGLENNON: I want to say a word with regard to SenatorPenney's reference to the importance of shrubs as a protection to theroadways from shifting sand. Mr. Volbertsen, my collaborator in myfilbert enterprise in Rochester, got his early education in horticulturein Germany when a young man of twenty years of age, and he informed methe other day that along the side of the railroads' right of way, filberts were planted very extensively, in different parts of Germany, for the maintenance of the roadbed, to protect them from shifting sand. Not only that but they garnered wonderful crops of nuts. MR. O'CONNOR: Concerning the planting of trees along theroadside, what enemies have they? I have watched this very closely sinceI have been connected with Mr. Littlepage's farm and I find that thewalnut trees and pecan trees have very few enemies. I think that he hassomething like four hundred trees, and there were not three of them thatwere troubled with caterpillars. What better could we have along ourroad sides than nut trees when from the oak, the elm and other treesthere are pesky worms dropping down when you go along with an automobileor carriage. PRESIDENT LINTON: I want to say to the ladies present that theladies of Michigan are greatly interested in this work. We recentlyestablished a state trunk line highway known as the Colgrove Highway, named for the President of our Michigan State Good Roads Association. Senator Penney was the introducer of that bill also and it became a law. That particular road runs across our state in such a way that it isabout three hundred miles in length. One county that it crosses is knownas Montcalm County. At a meeting we had in their court house we had acommittee named in each township through which the highway passed forthe purpose of properly planting trees and beautifying that highway. Upon my return home I received a letter from the county judge sayingthat the people of Montcalm County would not stand for planting andbeautifying that one road alone but the whole county has been organizedand every township in it and half of the membership of each committee iscomposed of women, and they want these trees and plants on everytownship road as well as on that state road. That is the way in whichthe work is going along in many sections of our state and it will sooncover it all with the same enthusiasm. So that the ladies can be ofgreat good in this organization also. There is not a home or a residencestreet but desires fine shrubs and fine trees. It is especially so withthe farmers. They want these beautiful things that the city people havebeen having for many years in their front yards. They are going todemand shrubbery and trees beyond any call that ever has been made forthem in the past. So you can readily see from our work, although much ofit is to be carried on in a public way by our agricultural colleges andstate institutions of that kind, that they will be able to furnish onlyone tree or one plant in a hundred of those that will be demanded. Thatfeature I wish especially to impress upon the minds of any nurserymenthat may be present. The call in the next decade is going to be alongthose lines, for ornamental shrubbery and for useful trees, just as thefruit tree has been called for in the past. MR. FAGAN: I don't know that I have anything constructive toadd to the road side planting idea. I know that our landscape gardenerat the experimental station in the college has, in the past few years, been giving it serious consideration, and if I am not mistaken he hastaken the question up with our forest and state highway commissioners inthe state. How far it is going to go I don't know. There is a feature ofthe roadside planting which has been mentioned indirectly this eveningthat we must not overlook. Just as soon as we consider a program ofroadside planting we must also consider a program for the control ofpests. Regardless of whether they be pecan trees or hickories orwalnuts we are bound to meet with these pests. Whenever we begin asystematic planting, or collection of plants, it does not make muchdifference whether oak trees, or catalpas or chestnuts, or what not, wecan look forward to the time when we will be confronted with a pestcontrol proposition. As to roadside planting in New England it would notmake much difference whether it was a walnut or butternut or pecan. Agipsy or brown tailed moth would just as soon eat the foliage off abutternut tree as off an elm. We have here in New Jersey at the presenttime the Japanese iris beetle and it will eat anything in sight. As soonas we turn nature upside down, as we have nearly done in many sectionsof the country, we are bound to bring in these pests. It would be wellin any law--and I know in this state we would consider a law, and anexperimental station could have charge of work connected therewith--thatone of the provisions we would insist on being put in the law would beone to control the pests which may come. Right in our district today thetent caterpillar is playing havoc with our walnuts; the oyster shellscale is going through our timber in Center County; and I can take youinto the mountains five miles from any residence and I can show youoyster shell scale on half a dozen of our native species. It is nice tokid ourselves along to think our butternuts and our hickories wouldnever be subject to these pests, but they will be. When the Northweststarted to plant apple orchards they said they had no codling moths upthere. There were some orchards that didn't but sooner or later theycame. The time to nip those things is in the bud, and not let themspread. Lack of foresight has cost New England millions and millions ofdollars just because they would not take the advice of one man when hetold them that the gipsy moth and brown tail moth had gotten away fromhim. They laughed at him. I wonder whether this association could not get our federal roaddepartment back of this idea of roadside planting. I know that back ofthe federal aid movement there is an important point of contact inroadside planting. SENATOR PENNEY: Our bill provides that the highway departmentshall care for and maintain the trees. I think the bill is broad enoughto cover that subject. I think we all realize that we cannot stopplanting trees for fear of some pest that might come, but we have got toprovide the means of fighting it if it does come. Our highway departmentin Michigan has employed a man, a graduate of Yale College who is anexpert in horticulture and all this work of planting and caring for thetrees is to be turned over to him. DR. CANADAY: In many parts of Germany the practice of plantingtrees along the state highways has been in vogue for perhaps half acentury. They have used fruit trees and it has been found to be veryfeasible. The state has found that the proceeds of the trees has gone along way towards keeping up the highways. Of course they probably havehad their population under more rigorous control than ours has been. They have been able to collect the proceeds of the trees better. Thequestion of the railroad rights of way might be taken up. A few of therailroads in the United States have already begun planting trees alongtheir rights of way looking forward to a future supply of cross ties. Itseems to me the greatest difficulty that will be encountered in thiswork will be the conflict with the telephone companies and the powerlines. If that can be satisfactorily solved, I think the rest of it willbe comparatively easy. MR. SMEDLEY: In Pennsylvania near our large cities, the highwaydepartment has become aware that the roads are all too narrow. There wasa bill passed in the last legislature giving the commissioner ofhighways a right to establish the width of roads at thirty-three feet, Ithink it was, with one hundred and twenty feet as the maximum. Thedepartment is now making a survey of all the main highways near thelarge cities. I happen to live just out of Philadelphia, about fifteenmiles, on the line between Philadelphia and West Chester. It is acontinuation of Market Street the principal east and west street ofPhiladelphia. It was laid out sixty feet wide. That was one of the firstto claim the attention of the department and it will soon be, Iunderstand, established on the map as one hundred feet wide or probablyone hundred and twenty feet. That primarily is to stop the encroachmentof the buildings near Philadelphia so that when the question of openingthis road to its new width comes up damages will not be excessive. Someof us living along there take great pride in that road and want to seeit developed but it is going to be some time before this is opened toits full width and it is needless to plant trees until it is. I don'tknow how you have things in Michigan but a great many of ourPennsylvania roads are old highways that have worn down with banks tenor fifteen feet high, and it is oftentimes a question where to put thetrees. PRESIDENT LINTON: Our highways in Michigan are, ninety per centof them perhaps, four rods in width. That you will know is a good amplewidth, sixty-six feet wide. The basis of the planting as adopted by ourstate highway department, as I understand it, is thirteen feet from eachline fence, making trees forty feet apart on opposite sides of theroadways. The main portion of the planting will be forty feet apart butthat is simply a detail and the entire matter is left with the statehighway commissioner and those who assist him. And, as stated by SenatorPenney, they are very competent men in that department. Of course sometrees would be placed further apart than others. There is no absolutelyfixed distance. I don't know of any movement that will more quicklycause the planting of more trees than the one we are outlining at thepresent time in undertaking to cover the highways of this country. Michigan alone has six thousand miles of state trunk line highway. Thatis only a small portion of the highways in our state. These are theimportant roadways connecting our largest cities and business points. Just as an estimate I would say that we have ten times as many miles ofroadway in Michigan as we have trunk line highways. If that averageshould be maintained throughout the country in each one of the states, and I imagine our state is an average one as to the number of miles ofroadway, you would see that there would be three hundred thousand milesof trunk line highways alone, saying nothing about all the otherhighways and by-ways. So that I believe within the next five or tenyears this roadside planting will cause more trees to be planted, anduseful and valuable trees too, than all the efforts made in this countryup to date in re-forestation. The people are alive to this subject andare asking for this very thing. It is only for us to map out a plan, arrange the details, and provide the sources from which they can obtaintheir supply and the trees will be planted. It was my lot and good fortune last fall, following our meeting in theCity of Washington, to visit Mount Vernon and there meeting thesuperintendent Mr. Dodge. He said to me that our association could havethe products of the black walnut trees at Mount Vernon upon conditionthat that crop should not be commercialized in any way but used forpublic purposes. In behalf of the association I accepted the crop ofwalnuts, and, as I recall it, got in the neighborhood of thirty bushelsof fine walnuts. They were selected walnuts the best and larger ones. Itso happened that they arrived late in Saginaw, where my home is, and itwas simply impossible to distribute them generally throughout thecountry. When it became known that we had these walnuts, and it becamenecessary to distribute these nuts and have them planted in ourimmediate locality, our people were delighted with the fact, and everyschool in every school district in the country called for them, andevery city school called for some of these walnuts. They were planted inevery school yard, in many cases with appropriate ceremonies alongpatriotic lines, and that did a great deal of good. Our citizens asindividuals called for them. I was surprised to see the interest in it. They wanted them in their yards and at their city homes. Following allthis I had about two thousand of these walnuts left. I wondered justwhat I could do with these. It was impossible to arrange a program fordistribution so I asked the superintendent of parks of our city if hewould plant and care for them and he readily agreed to do it. So thatwhat was left of the consignment was placed in our finest and largestpark. Shortly after having planted these, and the papers having noticedwhat had been done, I sent a copy to our honored first president, Dr. Morris. Soon thereafter I received a letter from him saying that hedisliked very much to predict disappointment, but disappointmentcertainly was coming to us for our efforts in Saginaw, because, he said, "Mr. Linton, I have gone through this experience and the squirrels andother rodents will certainly get every one of those nuts. You will bedisappointed in the results in the spring and I am telling you this soit won't come to you all at once. I want you to be prepared for thedisappointment when it comes. " I rather imagined it would come. I knewthat the trees in that particular park harbored a good many foxsquirrels and others, and I imagined they would get these walnuts. But Iwas very much astonished this spring to see the entire crop come upthrough the ground. I imagine it was a ninety-five per cent crop. Sothat we have about two thousand young walnuts growing about as high asthis table from last year's planting. They are thrifty and they will bedistributed around the state of Michigan this coming spring, and atother places. To show the interest manifested in that particularmovement I will say that I received letters from perhaps half of thestates in the country asking if they could not be supplied with some ofthese walnuts from George Washington's former home at Mount Vernon. Ieven got letters from the State of Virginia asking that some of them besent from Saginaw, Michigan, to them in Virginia for planting at theirhome. So you can see how far reaching a thing of this kind can be. Iknow that we have started something here that will sweep from one end ofthe United States to the other, and will do more good along the lines ofre-forestation than any organization up to date has been able to do. MR. LITTLEPAGE: I move that a committee be appointed to reportat the morning session the best method of getting this bill before thevarious legislatures. I thought first of attempting to formulate whatidea I might have in the form of a resolution, but it appears to me thatit is something that may require a little thought. Therefore I move theappointment of a committee of three to report in the morning the bestform of a resolution or whatever seems best to adopt by this associationto get action. This motion was put by President Linton and unanimously adopted. The President appoints on this committee Mr. Littlepage, Senator Penneyand Dr. Canaday. PRESIDENT LINTON: This action will close the discussionrelative to the tree planting law. Any other subject that you desire todiscuss can be brought before the meeting in any proper manner. MR. BIXBY: As the secretary noted this morning, perhaps themost extensive program of nut tree planting which has yet been carriedout has been on the other side of the world, in China. One of themembers of the association is Mr. Wang who lives near Shanghai and issecretary of the Kinsan Arboretum there. Some time ago he obtained someAmerican black walnuts from Japan. He planted them and they grew so muchfaster than he had anticipated, and I think faster than any other treewith which he was familiar, that he conceived the idea of planting thenew highway, which was being made from Shanghai to Hankow, with theseAmerican black walnuts. In due course he sent a money order to pay fortwo thousand pounds to the secretary. Last year was not the best year toget black walnuts, and the secretary forwarded the money order to me andasked me if I could get these walnuts for him. There was more trouble ingetting them in New York last year than there usually is, but finally Idid get them and had them made up in twenty-two bags and shipped to Mr. Wang at Shanghai. In due course they arrived and he is anticipatinggreat things from them. The growth that he reported of this first lot ofblack walnuts was something astonishing. It seems to me that they grewthe second year ten feet high. It was a very astonishing growth, a muchmore vigorous growth than I ever heard of their making here. At any ratethere are two thousand pounds of American black walnuts that have beenshipped to China, and if nothing happens to them they will grow andadorn that new road from Shanghai to Hankow. MR. JONES: A matter that will be of interest is that Mr. Wangwrote me a letter in which he says that the black walnut grows threetimes as fast in China as the Japanese walnut. Here in the nursery wefind the Japanese walnut doubles the black walnut in the first two yearsin growth. PRESIDENT LINTON: We would like to hear from those present whoare familiar with trees, as you all are, as to the merits and demeritsof the various kinds of trees that we desire to plant. In Michigan theonly ones we are considering are the black walnut, the hickory, thebutternut and the beech. The beech in our state grows to be a beautifultree, as it does in most states in our country. In addition to that ourstate agricultural people are suggesting that we plant the hard maple, which is a fine tree in Michigan, and the basswood, and one or twoothers, to provide food along certain lines. The hard maple, forinstance, produces maple sugar, the basswood the bees draw honey from. The simple and useful trees and shrubs are the only ones in our statethat we are giving any consideration to. DR. CANADAY: What would be the best way to start a hickoryalong the roadside? From the nut? PRESIDENT LINTON: From my experience with the black walnut Iwould say that would be the proper way to plant these hickories, toplant the nuts where the trees would be. It is far less expensive thanany other method. It is easily cared for by the road men who take careof a section of the road. MR. MCGLENNON: I am interested in the cultivation and cultureof the European filbert at Rochester and have been for a number ofyears, and I believe successfully. In different meetings of thisassociation that I have attended and in correspondence with the officersof the association, filbert culture in this country has been referred toas still in the experimental stage. Now when you have been in a thingfor ten or twelve years and have not had any set-back but progress alongall lines of activity, I believe you have passed out of the zone ofexperimentation and have gotten down to doing something. That is what wehave done in Rochester with our nursery which I believe is the onlything of that particular kind in the country. Mr. Vollertsen, mycollaborator, came to me with this idea years ago. He told me what hebelieved could be done and what had been done in filbert culture wherehe had been until about twenty years of age, having worked in a nurseryfrom the time he had been able to do manual labor. In this nursery theyhad given especial attention to the cultivation of filberts and he hadlearned their method of propagation. He told me about this and believedit could be done in this country. I corresponded with some of theprominent nurserymen in the New England states and they told me it wouldbe folly to attempt anything like that in this country, that I would bewiped out by the blight. They had tried it with some of the Europeanvarieties. Nevertheless I went ahead and imported five plants of twentyleading German varieties from Hoag & Schmidt, a prominent firm ofnurserymen in Germany. I turned them over to Mr. Vollertsen havingrented land for him and furnished the funds for the fertilization andcultivation of the land, paying a wage to him to go ahead and make theexperiment. I wanted to know rather than to believe. His method ofpropagation was from the layer. Now we have fruited these propagatedplants and found them true. We started in with half an acre. We now havetwo and a half acres, probably fifty thousand plants altogether. We havenever had the semblance of blight. Our cultivation has been thorough. Our fertilization has been consistent. Mr. Vollertsen has been on thejob very steadily and understands his business thoroughly. I think thatthis talk of blight is something that we should not take so seriously toheart. On half a dozen occasions some of our good friends have said, "What about the blight; don't you think it will wipe you out?" I thinkit is well to be prepared for the truth but the same thing might be saidif I plant a peach orchard, that in a few years it will be wiped out bythe yellows. I can't make myself believe that the matter of blight infilbert culture in this country is a serious menace. The consensus ofopinion in this association seems to have been that even if it doesappear there are remedies for it. Our esteemed first president, Dr. Morris, when he visited our place in Rochester some years ago when theconvention met there, said that he thought we should not worry about it. He was satisfied that if blight appeared it could be controlled by theremoval of the blighted part. I believe that the same principle appliesto the development of filbert nurseries as to any phase of life, thateternal vigilance is the price of safety. I believe that thoroughcultivation, keeping the plants strong and healthy, will help themresist disease. But if blight does appear, by watching closely it can beremoved and I think controlled, as suggested by Dr. Morris. Maybe it hasbeen all right up to the present time to be on our guard but there ismy work that has been going on for ten or twelve years. During theselast two or three years we have been sending our plants all over thecountry, to California, Virginia, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Illinois, Iowa, Indiana, Canada, and we have been getting fine reports with not a singlereference to the appearance of blight. On the contrary they report thatour plants are fruiting and they ask for more plants. As a specificinstance I can cite a prominent doctor in Louisville, Kentucky, who someyears ago got some plants from us and some filbert plants from someother nursery. We had a letter from him the other day in which he spokein most complimentary terms of the plants he had gotten from us, thatthey had fruited, were true, and he wanted to know if we could furnishhim from fifteen hundred to two thousand plants within the next fewyears. William Rockefeller on the Hudson, another customer of ours, reports plants doing splendidly and fruiting well. Mrs. Jones of Jones &Laughlin Steel Company reports plants growing splendidly there. Thoseare just a few of the instances I could cite. As I suggested to some ofthe gentlemen today at the next meeting it might be well for me to bringspecific references from different parts of the country where our plantshave been planted and are bearing fruit and are doing well, with noreference whatever to blight having appeared, and I shall be very gladto do that. * * * * * It seems to me, too, that the filbert is one of the best nut producingplants for use here in the North. Usually it is grown in bush form. Itis very hearty and begins to bear early and abundantly under propercare. In view of the exceptionally wide range of climates and soils itseems to be one of the good nut producing plants for this association. Now it can be consistently considered that I have an ax to grind as I amproducing filbert plants for sale, but I assure you, ladies andgentlemen, that it is not with this thought in mind that I make thesereferences. I have the interests of this association very much at heart. My whole time and attention and money is given to nut culture. I amextensively interested in the culture of paper shell pecans in Georgia. Successfully, I might also add. And I want to be equally successful withthe filbert because I believe that it is the one great nut bearing plantthat this association can stand back of and urge the people to plant, not because I am producing them but because I am a member of thisassociation, and I want to see this association a success. Three weeks ago last Monday, on account of my interest in pecan culturein the South, and having a good crop at our grove this year, I went toNew York and spent the day there conferring with a big commission mandown in the Washington Street section who handles large consignments ofnuts. The subject of the filbert was discussed and I found a very greatinterest on the subject. They were one and all, I think I can say, appalled when I told them that there was a nursery in New York Stateproducing filbert plants and filbert nuts. Mr. James, vice-president ofthe Higgins & James Company, showed me a very fine filbert, a varietywith some unpronounceable name, I think Italian, and he said, "Isn't ita beauty?" It was. But when I told him that we had just as fine inRochester and some finer he looked aghast. I invited him to come toRochester and be convinced. He told me, as others did, that there was awonderful future for the filbert in this country. The filbert, too, I think, is especially adapted for waste lands onfarms. A great many farms have considerable areas of waste land which, Ibelieve, could be made very profitable by the planting of the filbert, because just ordinary farm soil with ordinary fertilization, accordingto our experiments, demonstrates that the filbert will make "the desertto bloom as the rose. " And it is a beautiful shrub for ornamentalpurposes. Come to Rochester and go down to Jones Square, and you willsee a beautiful border of the purple filbert. Some of our customers arepurchasing it, William Rockefeller for instance and Mrs. Jones, for theborders of walks and drives. I think that we should try to reach thegardeners and the agricultural and horticultural societies of thecountry in our campaign for the furtherance of nut culture. In Dr. Kellogg's recent list of diets, fruit and grain and vegetables, covering two pages of his pamphlet, he gives there as the food value ofthe pecan in protein, fats, and carbo-hydrates 207. 8, and next to themthe filbert, 207. 5, and next the English walnut at 206. 8, and next tothat the almond, at 191. 1. MR. BIXBY: I really think that Mr. McGlennon has done more thananybody else to get the filbert on a practicable basis. He has alsomentioned why the association has been a little bit cautious in sayingtoo much about the filbert. In some of the early plantings the blightmade serious inroads. There has been a lot learned about the blightsince that time and apparently it can be controlled by cutting out theblighted portions. I have seen filberts in certain sections of thecountry where the blight went half way around the twig. Apparently thatcan be controlled by cutting out that blighted portion. Or, if the worstcame to the worst, by cutting off the limb. But there have been a numberof filbert plantings made the last few years where that blight has notappeared at all. One of the greatest difficulties with the Europeanfilberts was that while the bushes would grow all right they would notfruit, or fruit only once in a few years. Mr. McGlennon, when heimported those plants from Germany, apparently took all the varietiesthe man had. I believe that is one reason why Mr. McGlennon is raisingfilberts when most of the plantings of one bush, or two bushes of onekind have failed. He has enough varieties to properly pollinate thehazel flowers. That is a thing that must be borne in mind. Any onewanting to plant filberts must not ask what is the best filbert andplant one. He must say, what are the best filberts, and plant severalvarieties. I believe that is one of the things that has enabled Mr. McGlennon to raise filberts when many previous attempts have failed. MR. MCGLENNON: Replying to Mr. Bixby's remarks they are welltaken. I overlooked mentioning in my talk a fact, because I believe itis a fact, that it is due to the number of varieties we have that everyvariety has fruited. Now they are in the nursery and the principalconsideration is wood. We are working every plant for wood. We have notbeen able to supply the demand for plants and won't be for another yearor two. Next year I shall probably have ten to twelve thousand plants. We layered some twenty-five thousand plants last year, and we arelayering some twenty-five thousand this year. Mr. Vollertsen has beenvery persistent with regard to the maintenance of the smaller nutvarieties, has insisted upon it, because we have found that they arevery much freer bloomers than the larger fruited varieties. We have madeup our selection, as catalogued, carefully to that end, including someof the smaller fruit varieties. A party asked me the other day if Iwould send them a plant this fall. I said, "No, but I will send youthree plants, " meaning one of the small fruit and two of the largerfruit. It is the larger fruit that the consumer is going to demand. Heis going to buy the larger nut, although the smaller nut is reallybetter for eating. Convention adjourned until 9:30 a. M. , October 7, 1921. MORNING SESSION Friday, October 7, 1921 The Convention was called to order at ten o'clock by President Linton. THE PRESIDENT: The first on our program this morning will bethe report of the Committee on Uniform Bill for Roadside Planting. Iwill ask the chairman, Mr. Littlepage, to make the report. MR. LITTLEPAGE: The committee met last night after adjournmentand considered different methods of getting this bill (a copy of which Inow present) before the various states, and after some deliberation itwas decided to report, on behalf of the committee, as follows: That the committee, --the same committee which has been appointed, --beauthorized by the association to prepare in proper and simple form asufficient number of copies of this bill, to be accompanied by a letter, formulated by the committee, which letter will set out substantiallythree things: First: Call the governor's attention to the fact that this bill is theone adopted by the State of Michigan, but that it should, of course, bemodified to comply with the special judicial or road machinery of eachparticular state. Secondly: A short argument in behalf of this character of legislation. Thirdly: A request to each governor that he refer the bill to hisattorney general to put it in proper form to fit into the machinery ofhis particular state, and that he also refer it to his appropriate stateboard of forestry, agriculture or what-not. We suggest, as I said before, that this committee be authorized toprepare a letter along those lines, to be accompanied by a copy of thebill, and that, after it is prepared and ready, it be sent out by eitherthe president or the secretary of the association. It was also thoughtby the committee to be desirable, at the same time that this is sent tothe governor of each state, to send copies to the various agriculturaland horticultural journals of the respective states, that being donewith the view of getting some publicity. Then, too, the committeethought that it might be well, at that time, for the respective membersof the association in these various states to write to theirrepresentatives in the legislature calling attention to this bill. Now that is the report of the committee, and, Mr. President, I movethat this report be adopted and the committee instructed to act alongthose lines. (Motion seconded and carried, and the report of the committee wasadopted unanimously. ) THE PRESIDENT: Now, ladies and gentlemen, I consider that wehave performed a most important task in the pioneer work connected withroadside planting in America. There is no question but that with thisassociation the idea first originated; and the work to date along thoselines in the United States has been brought about by the Northern NutGrowers' Association. It is a work in which I, personally as well asofficially, as you know, have been greatly interested and the unanimousadoption of the committee's report, endorses that line of work. I wishto thank you, individually and collectively, for your interest and theaction which you have taken. MR. LITTLEPAGE: I feel that our president in this instance hashit a high-water mark. He has taken hold of a very important idea andhas developed it. After making an observation or two I am going to movea vote of appreciation to our president and accompany it with a vote ofthanks to Senator Penney for coming down here from Michigan and lendinghis aid and enthusiasm. We listened last night to a discussion about this roadside planting. AsI observed before it is not without its difficulties the same aseverything else; but this proposition extends to the various stateboards of horticulture, highway, or what-not, one of the greatest andfinest opportunities. Personally I believe in nut trees; but you mustfirst get the public with you. Suppose you had a highway into Lancasterlined on either side for a half mile with pink weigelias in the spring. You would have the whole population going up and down that highwaylooking at the display. And the pink weigelia is almost a fool-proofshrub. It grows without cultivation and grows very rapidly and blooms inthe greatest profusion. Suppose in mid-summer you had another highwaylined with hydrangeas. I believe a particular one that is hardy iscalled paniculata grandiflora. It is a fool-proof shrub also, requiresvery little care and comes on after the other flowers go. It also can beproduced very cheaply. You would have the population looking at andadmiring the blooms and it would inspire, in each one of thoseindividuals, a desire to go and do likewise. Suppose you had a half mileof sweet gum trees. If you go down through the counties of Pennsylvanianow you will see the sweet gums--some of them a deep dark purple, someof them a bright golden yellow, some of them red, some of them with allthe colors and all summer a beautiful foliage--suppose you had a halfmile of those leading into a street of any city in America. Thepopulation on Sunday would drive out there and admire their beauty. Itaffords a wonderful opportunity. The individuals who care for thosetrees and shrubs, while moving up and down the highway caring for them, will be carrying with them a little university of horticulturalknowledge. The average farmer thinks it is a terrible thing to spray. Itis the simplest thing in the world as you know. This machinery by whichthese trees and plants and shrubbery would be cared for would be amoving university up and down the highway teaching the farmers how tocare for their trees. Mr. Rush's trees which we saw yesterday were thefinest examples of well cared for trees. You could not travel over thecountry and find trees showing a finer degree of care. Nobody could lookat those trees without feeling that he would rather give a little morecare to his trees. So that, if this idea is carried out, as it will be, it will become popular with the various state boards. They like to dothings that are popular or that please the people. As I said at the commencement of my remarks I am going to take theliberty of moving a vote of deep appreciation to the president (Mr. Linton), and also a vote of thanks to Senator Penney. (Motion seconded and carried unanimously. ) THE PRESIDENT: I desire to thank you, one and all, for thisvote of appreciation. My connection with the Northern Nut Growers'Association has been of a most pleasant character. I have found a groupof men and of women who are interested not only in their own welfare butin the welfare of the race. What we have started today--or rathercompleted so far as organization is concerned--will do as much good inthe United States in the next decade as any movement that has beenstarted by any organization or association. It means re-forestation on alarger scale with right trees and right plants, as stated by my friendMr. Littlepage. A new start will be made along those lines. The poortrees will be cast aside and the next generation will have trees andbushes and plants that not only will be beautiful to the eye but will bebeneficial to mankind and to those birds and animals that we desire tohave around us. The greatest credit should be given to those of this association who ina scientific way have endeavored to bring about better varieties ofnuts, better varieties of the products of trees, and their namescertainly should go down in history with that of Burbank, or with thoseof other men who have devoted their lives to this kind of advancement. Iam sure that will be the result. I know that as the message goes downalong the line to the various states, their efforts will at least berecognized as having been beneficial and advantageous to all. I want again to thank every one of you for the kindness that you haveextended towards me and to my colleague, Senator Penney, who is mostactively engaged in this work. Situated as he was--a most prominentmember of the Michigan legislature--he was able to promote the very workin our Wolverine State that we today are undertaking to bring about inthe United States, and I would call upon Senator Penney to say a word inthis connection. SENATOR PENNEY: Mr. President, it seems to me that after allthese remarks have been made, this subject has been very well covered. Iwas very much interested in the remarks of Mr. Littlepage because hespoke of different ornamental trees and shrubs with which I am notfamiliar and which are not grown in our part of the country. Our esteemed president, Mr. Linton, is doing wonderful work up inSaginaw at the present time in conjunction with our superintendent ofpublic parks. He is helping to lay out some of our parks and to planttrees and shrubs there. One gentleman of Saginaw furnished the means tobuy one thousand trees and the matter was put in charge of Mr. Linton tosee that they were properly planted. This work and similar work that Mr. Linton and I have undertaken to promote and to push. We have donesimilar things in regard to the promotion of good highways. We haveabsolutely no interest in stone quarries or gravel pits or in any kindof contracts for the building of roads; yet we have spent severalhundred dollars or more in going about Michigan giving talks atdifferent meetings and promoting roads. One of the things that Mr. Linton tried to promote was this tree planting bill. Inasmuch as I wasin the legislature I had the opportunity of helping to put this workacross. We have a wonderfully good highway commissioner in our state. Heis enthusiastic over this proposition. While our bill was passed just ashort time ago, he has already planted eighteen miles of trees in onelocality, and, he said, at very little cost. Just think what might bedone throughout the United States. Suppose the prominent highwaysthroughout the United States were planted with useful and ornamentaltrees, beautiful shrubs and things of that kind. Wouldn't it be awonderfully beautiful and useful thing for the country? In closing I wish to thank Mr. Littlepage and the other members of thisassociation for the very kind treatment we have received here. THE PRESIDENT: We are fortunate in having a paper that wasprepared and will be presented by our esteemed treasurer Mr. Bixby, andI take pleasure in calling upon him at this time. WHERE MAY THE NORTHERN PECAN BE EXPECTED TO BEAR _Willard G. Bixby, Baldwin, Nassau Co. , N. Y. _ In the January 1916 issue of the American Nut Journal is an article byMeredith P. Reed read before the Western Association of Nurserymen attheir annual meeting in Kansas City, Mo. , December 1915 entitled thePecan Areas of the United States, describing the limits between whichthe pecan may be grown. In this paper the matter of the Pecan Belts ofthe country are discussed and their extent determined pretty largely bythe length of the season (in average years), that is by the number ofdays between the latest spring frosts and the earliest fall frosts. Amap was shown on which these areas were marked out, and it has been veryuseful to the writer in answering inquiries from persons who want toknow if pecans can be grown in _a_ given section. Mr. John Garretson, Aspers, Adams Co. , Penn. , has on his place bearingStuart and Schley pecans, two of the standard southern varieties. Thesebear nuts of typical shape but which are only a fraction of the sizethat these nuts would be if grown in southern Georgia. This clearlyshows that some of the standard southern pecans require something whichthey do not get at Aspers to enable them to properly mature their nuts. The trees stand the cold of winter but the fruit does not properlymature. Mr. Jones has suggested that it is heat that is lacking and hasadvanced the idea that even though the trees are hardy to winter coldthey have not sufficient summer heat at Aspers to enable them to maturetheir crops. This has brought up the question as to whether there wasany method of measuring the summer heat available for causing pecan nutsto grow and mature. Observations on northern pecans (and some southern ones) on my place atBaldwin caused me to note that no pecans started to vegetate at Baldwinbefore May. May is the first spring month here when the pecan willleave out. May is also the first spring month when the average monthlytemperature here will reach 50°F. It occurred to me that if we note theexcess average monthly temperatures over 50° and sum these items for aseason we would get what might be termed a figure for "pecan growingheat units. " This figure of 50° is doubtless capable of some refinement. There is no reason to suppose that further study may not show that itshould be somewhat more or less but it is the best we have so far andseemingly it is proving useful. If we calculate these figures for Evansville, Ind. , for 1914, forexample, and show the method of doing it we will have Average Monthly Average Monthly Temp. 1914 Temperatures in Excess of 50 deg. January 39. 6 February 29. 9 March 42. 0 April 55. 4 5. 4 May 67. 9 17. 9 June 80. 0 30. 0 July 82. 2 32. 2 August 78. 0 28. 0 September 69. 6 19. 6 October 60. 8 10. 8 November 49. 2 December 31. 0 _____ Total 143. 9 The pecan growing heat units, pecan units they may be called for short, for Evansville, Ind. , in 1914 were 143. 9. From this we might concludethat a place where the pecan units for 1914 would figure out 143. 9 wouldbe likely (as far as climatic conditions are concerned) to grow pecansas well as Evansville, that is, of course if other years should showsimilar figures. With the idea of seeing if the experience of those who were growingpecans would be anything like what might be calculated from the WeatherBureau Records, letters were written to all members of the National NutGrowers' Association to find out if pecans grew and bore well in theirsections and if so which varieties. From the replies received it hasbeen in a number of instances difficult to judge just how well pecansgrow in some sections. For this reason I have interpreted the repliessomewhat on the basis of my own knowledge and on certain facts told meby Mr. C. A. Reed. Apparently at least 175 pecan units are to be foundin most places where the southern pecan is successful commercially. Thiscorresponds to a line through Augusta, Milledgeville, Macon andColumbus, Georgia and Montgomery, Alabama. There seems little questionbut that pecans can be grown north of this line but until I get morepositive information than I now have I shall doubt if the planting ofsouthern varieties of pecans much north of this line is nearly asadvisable as it is south of it. When we come to compare this figure with the pecan units for OceanSprings and Pascagoula, Miss. , where a number of the fine southernpecans originated which are now being propagated we find an average ofabout 222 pecan units. To reduce this to a percentage we find that manyof the standard southern pecans grow and bear well when the pecan unitsare as low as 79% of those of the place of their origin. In other wordsthe adaptability of the southern pecan is 79%, that is it will grow andbear well where the pecan units are as low as 79% of those of the placeof its origin or to use rough figures, 80%. When we come to ascertain the pecan units of the locations where thenorthern pecan grows and bears well we will consider Evansville andVincennes, Ind. , as places where it bears well; Burlington, Ia. , as aplace where it does quite well, but not as well, as in Evansville;Clinton, Ia. , as a place where trees are growing well but where theybear a large crop only once in several years; and Charles City, Ia. , asa place where the pecan does not mature its nuts. The pecan units arealso shown for several important places outside of the native pecanarea. Highest Lowest Average Evansville, Ind. (1919) 147. 5 (1917) 116. 4 135. 7 Vincennes, Ind. (1914) 144. 7 (1918) 123. 1 130. 8 Burlington, Ia. (1914) 125. 8 (1917) 90. 2 108. 4 Clinton, Ia. (1914) 109. 2 (1917) 75. 3 94. 9 Charles City, Ia. (1914) 91. 2 (1915) 65. 4 78. 5 New York City (1914) 101. 2 (1917) 85. 2 94. 3 Lancaster, Penn. (1919) 108. 7 (1917) 84. 9 98. 4 Gettysburg, Penn. (1919) 108. 4 (1916) 89. 4 100. 7 Cincinnati, O. (1914) 131. 7 (1917) 88. 9 109. 5 Baltimore, Md. (1919) 127. 2 (1917) 106. 7 121. 0 Washington, Md. (1918) 126. 8 (1917) 104. 7 119. 3 Hartford, Conn. (1919) 88. 9 (1917) 74. 8 85. 1 If we consider that Evansville and Vincennes are the center of the pecandistrict near which most varieties have originated and that a placeshould have 80% as many pecan units as in this Evansville district inorder to have the northern pecan do well, a place should have 105 pecanunits in order for one to feel reasonably certain that the northernpecan will do well there. It will be both interesting and instructive tosee how well the applications that may be made from the conclusionscompare with observed facts. We know that there are large numbers of pecan trees at Burlington, Ia. , and that the trees grow and bear well. Its pecan units are 108. 4. Weshould conclude that at Baltimore and Washington with pecan units at121. 0 and 119. 3 respectively that pecans would grow and bear well. Thereare pecan trees over 100 years old at Marietta, Md. , which is half waybetween Baltimore and Washington. These trees bear nuts and although ithas not been possible to get bearing records it is evident that theybear considerably for on the roads of that vicinity are hundreds ofyoung pecan trees which evidently came up from nuts borne by these oldtrees. We should expect the pecan to do well at Cincinnati, O. In fact Ihave been expecting to find it native there, but, so far all inquirieshave failed to do so. At Fayetteville, however, which is about 40 mileseast of Cincinnati and somewhat north of it, are bearing pecan treesraised from seed brought from Shawneetown, Ill. , which is in theEvansville district. Seed from these Fayetteville trees planted atBaldwin have shown nearly 100% germination. There is some question as to how well pecans should bear at Gettysburg, and Lancaster, Penn. , and at New York City where the pecan units aremuch like those at Clinton, Ia. , where, on forest pecan trees, we get afair crop but once in several years. Perhaps with our present knowledgethese places should be considered on the borderland between the countrywhere the pecan is likely to do well and that where it will not matureits nuts. We know that pecan trees have borne nuts at Aspers, Pa. , nearGettysburg, at Lancaster, Pa. , and at Westbury and Glen Cove, LongIsland, near New York City but so far it has not been possible to makesufficient observations to form definite conclusions as to what toexpect. It seems quite likely that fertilization and care may helpmaterially the maturing of crops in those sections which in our presentknowledge we must consider on the borderland. Probably we should not expect pecan nuts to be borne at Charles City, Ia. , where pecan units are but 60% of those at Vincennes, and pecanunits at Hartford, Conn. , are not so very different. There are northernpecan trees at Charles City, Ia. , which many years ago were broughtthere, but the information I have about them is that they have neverborne. There is a large pecan tree at Hartford, Conn. , but I have neverbeen able to learn of its bearing nuts. As the northern pecan trees now being planted get to bearing age weshall have actual experimental data as to what they will do in thedifferent sections. Until that time by the method outlined herein andwith the Weather Bureau Records for several years at hand inquiriesregarding its probable adaptability for a given section can be answeredwith far more confidence than was possible heretofore. * * * * * THE PRESIDENT: Is there any discussion upon the excellent paperjust read by our treasurer? MR. JORDAN: May I ask if, according to that theory, the Stuartand the Schley would not be expected to do well in Washington? MR. BIXBY: I should say not. My intention was to indicateroughly a dividing line between where the pecan would be an importantcommercial crop and where it would not. We know the Stuart pecan bearspretty well at Petersburg, Virginia; it bears at Aspers, Pa. , which isnear Gettysburg, but the nuts are a fraction of the normal size and notvery well filled. THE SECRETARY: We all appreciate the amount of work that isrepresented by this report of Mr. Bixby and how valuable it is from ascientific as well as from a practical point of view. I wonder if itcould be made more useful if Mr. Bixby could make a little map showingthe isothermal lines on the basis that he has followed in hisinvestigation. MR. BIXBY: That could be done in a very general way, butaltitude makes such a difference that there would be many placesincluded in any belt at which, probably, certain pecans would not grownor would not mature. It is very evident that local conditions make agreat difference. I should say that a map to be useful would probablyhave a series of dots all over the country indicating what pecans wouldbe best grown in that section; and while that would, to a certainextent, form belts yet there could be selected many places in any onebelt where another pecan would be preferable. MR. J. W. RITCHIE: I started in this nut-growing businessknowing nothing about it. I found that there were men in it who had beenworking at it for years who knew many things that I wanted to know. Theyforgot that I knew nothing and that I might want to know some of thethings that they had in their minds which gave them a background. Ithink there ought to be some way by which all this knowledge that wehave can be brought together so that a beginner could pay a dollar or adollar and a half or, if necessary, two or three dollars and get it allat once. I have visited Washington and have seen Mr. Littlepage. Heshowed me some Kentucky hickories and Stabler walnuts and I then decidedthat if I could raise any nuts there would be no trouble about sellingthem. I can sell just as many of those nuts as I can produce; but yet Ido not know a thing about how many nuts will grow on a Kentucky hickoryin one year. If you will lay the facts before me and let me judge them Iwill take the risk myself. I do not want anybody to tell me whether toplant nuts or not to plant them. I will decide that question for myselfif you will give me the data to work on. I want a book that will give methe varieties. I want to know what particular nuts can be put out inthis region here that would have a chance of commercial success. Then Iwould like to know as much as I possibly can about those varieties, their respective qualities, what they will produce and especially how topropagate them. I happen to have a place where there are a great manywalnuts, butternuts and hickories. I would like to know, in detail, howto propagate those nuts. In a conversation with the secretary he spokeof northern pecans. I have read about the Marquardt, the Burlington andthe Witte. I do not know whether the term "northern" included thosethree or not. TREASURER BIXBY: I would be very useful if I could directlyanswer a good many of the questions that are asked. A great many peoplewould like to know the pecan they can plant in their sections and besure of success. That I would like to tell them. I do not have theinformation. It is frequently more difficult to answer questions than toask them. Regarding the Burlington and the Witte pecans, they come from the mostnorthern section where good pecans have been found, where the heat unitsare the lowest. They come from Burlington, Iowa, where the heat unitsare 180, if I remember correctly. If we assume a place where the heatunits are 80 per cent of those at Burlington, those pecans should growand mature there. They would probably do fairly well in New York City. Ithink we might feel justified in saying that they would not do well atCharles City, Iowa, because pecans from near that section, or back northof that section, have been growing for twenty-five or thirty years, andhave not fruited. There the pecan units are very low, only 78. It wouldseem reasonable that at places where the pecan units are somewhat over90, including New York City, Lancaster, southern Pennsylvania, and ofcourse practically all sections south of it, they ought to do well. Those are the safest pecans, the Marquardt, the Burlington, the Witte, and the Green Bay, to plant in the northern section. MR. LITTLEPAGE: The Stuart pecan originally stood within fiftyfeet of the Gulf of Mexico. There is where it originated. It is one ofthe leading southern nuts; and yet I saw a Stuart bearing nuts in Mr. Roper's orchard down at Petersburg, Virginia. It has grown beautifully. There is a strictly southern pecan, nurtured by the waters of the Gulfof Mexico, which has the widest latitude. You can find the same thing upnorth. The fact that the Burlington grows at Burlington, Iowa, meansthis, that it ought to grow in all similar latitudes, or else violateknown laws of horticulture. But it does not mean that some other pecanthat grew 250 miles south of that might not grow still further north. The questions asked are important. Why does not the association, just asfast as it gets information, stick a pin there and fasten it down? Forexample, will pecan trees grow, say, on the thirty-ninth parallel, whichruns through my grove down in Maryland. They will. Will they bear? Thereis one Major there that has this summer fifty pecans on it; another onethere with perhaps a dozen. On the 27th day of March of this year, whichwas Easter Sunday, the temperature dropped sixty-eight degrees intwenty-four hours. It is a wonder it did not kill the forest trees. Butwith all that the pecan stood there just as hardy as the oak. Itdestroyed some of the ends of the swelling buds, not the dormant budsbut some of those that had begun to swell a little, and that no doubtaffected the crop or we would have had, perhaps, all the varieties, theButterick, the Warrick, the Niblack, the Busseron, the Major, and theGreen River fruiting. Do we want to grow a Major? I do not know. But theman that makes the mistake is the man who fails to set nut trees. Howabout the Stabler walnut bearing? It bore matured nuts at the age offour years on my farm in Maryland this year. The nuts are here. Thatanswers that question. I have very grave doubts about pecan treesthriving in the Lancaster latitude; yet it may be that I am wrong aboutthat. There may be some particular variety that will thrive here. If Ilived in this section I would set out the trees so that when the one, two, three or four varieties are found that will thrive here we willhave something to work on. There isn't any question about the blackwalnut or filbert thriving here, or the hickory, because we find themgrowing. If you go through southern Michigan and northern Indiana, youwill see the shagbark hickory by the thousands growing along therailroad. This association should endeavor to get some affirmative dataand distribute it among its members. I have a row of Indian hazels. I put them on the side of my garage tomake a sort of a screen because they grow those big crinkling prettyleaves. That row is probably fifteen feet long. If I had forty acres ofthose hazels with the same quantity of nuts on that are on there thisyear I could buy another farm. MR. OLCOTT: I would like to ask about Evansville, Indiana. MR. LITTLEPAGE: Evansville, Indiana, is almost exactly on thethirty-eighth parallel. The Busseron pecan tree grows almost exactly onthe thirty-ninth parallel which is the northern boundary of the Districtof Columbia. The big orange groves in California are at the Lancasterlatitude, which shows just how such things twist and turn, how difficultit is to learn them and why it is going to take a lot of experience towork them out. THE SECRETARY: I knew that Mr. Jones was a very patient and avery courteous gentleman; but I did not suppose that his patience andhis courtesy would enable him to sit there for nearly a half hour with, lying in his lap unopened, the new book on nut culture which has justbeen published by Dr. Morris, probably the first copy that you or I haveseen. I see that Mr. Jones has finally yielded to temptation and hasuncovered the book. Perhaps that is the book that will supply Mr. Ritchie's needs. I mention it now because I think that you all ought toknow that such a book has been published by Dr. Morris and that it canbe bought of the MacMillan Company, Publishers, of New York City. MR. MCGLENNON: I think Mr. Jones has overlooked the followingon the fly leaf of Dr. Morris's book: "_To J. F. Jones, first authority in the world today on the subject of nut growing. With the compliments of one of his pupils, Robert T. Morris. "New York, October 3, 1921_" (Applause). THE PRESIDENT: If there is no further discussion along thisparticular line, we will now receive the report of the committee ongrades of membership. TREASURER BIXBY: The committee recommends that Article II ofthe By-Laws be amended so as to read as follows: "Annual members shall pay two dollars annually, or three dollars andtwenty-five cents including a year's subscription to the American NutJournal. Contributing members shall pay five dollars annually, thismembership including a year's subscription to the American Nut Journal. Life members shall make one payment of fifty dollars and shall be exemptfrom further dues. Honorary members shall be exempt from dues. " It was moved and seconded that the report of the committee be adoptedand the amendment to the by-laws made as therein recommended. (Motion carried unanimously). THE TREASURER: I would like to give notice of our intention, atthe next regular meeting, of moving to amend Article III of theConstitution, by adding to the same the following: "There shall be four classes of members: Annual, contributing, life andhonorary. Annual, contributing and life members shall be entitled to allrights and privileges of the association. Honorary members shall beentitled to all rights and privileges of the association, exceptingthose of holding office and voting at meetings. " THE PRESIDENT: Notice has been duly made and will be filed inthe proceedings of the session. We have with us Prof. F. N. Fagan to whom I am sure you will be glad tolisten at this time in connection with the work that is being carried onat State College with which institution he is connected. PROFESSOR FAGAN: At the Rochester meeting we reported on anEnglish walnut survey that was made in Pennsylvania. Since that time wehave not done anything except with Mr. Jones's and Mr. Rush's help, togather information about the parent trees of which we located definitelyabout three thousand and indefinitely probably two thousand more. All ofthese trees but one were in bearing. They were seedling trees and asmuch variation was found in the trees as we would naturally expect tofind in seedling trees. Our problem is to determine the trees worthy ofpropagation. It is necessary also to solve better the propagationproblem. We cannot expect to get any large amount of planting of any ofour nut trees until we can put the trees to the public at a price atwhich it will feel that it can afford to invest. To the members of thisassociation, or to other people vitally interested, two or two and ahalf or three dollars is not anything for a good tree; but to theaverage planter of home ground or farmstead that is too much money. Weall know that it is not an easy task to propagate these trees and we arenot condemning the nurserymen. We know that they cannot afford to grow abudded or a grafted tree of known parentage for any less. So the problemof propagation is one of the largest that we have before us, and it isone to which our station and I myself are giving all the thought andtime that we can. We realize the importance of the nut industry in the state if for nomore than roadside and home planting. Whether commercial planting willextend through the north with our black walnuts, our butternuts, ourhickories and our English walnuts, to the extent that it has in thesouth with the pecan, is a question which time alone can solve. We now have new land at the station suitable for the planting of nuttrees. It is going to be the best land that we have on our new farm andwe hope next spring to make a collection planting of varieties. We havenot much money but we can make a start. It is not going to be at a placethat will be set aside and not cared for. It is going to be along thepublic road, where we will have to take care of it or we will becriticised. Until we solve our problems of selection and propagation we will goalong at a fair rate of increase in regard to our plantings; but we willnot reach the man who has a piece of ground and who says, "I would liketo plant that ground in walnuts, maybe fifteen or twenty trees but Icannot put thirty dollars into those trees, or twenty dollars when I canbuy apple trees for twenty cents. " Yet the future looks just as bright to me as it did the day I started tomake the English walnut survey, just as bright because we will overcomethese obstacles. I might close by saying that while we are ready at the college and atthe experiment station to go ahead we are not ready to plunge into anyextensive experiments. It requires money and the money does not come insuch quantities that we can plunge into anything in fact. But we areready to begin to build a foundation on which we expect later on toexperiment, and I hope that in ten more years, or in nine more years, ifthis association comes back to Pennsylvania, we can invite them to theexperiment station to see what foundations we have laid and whatprogress we have made in the experimental work of nut culture. THE PRESIDENT: Will there be any discussion on the subject soably covered by Prof. Fagan? Are there any questions that you desire toask the Professor? THE SECRETARY: I would like to ask Prof. Fagan if he has a goodword to say for the English walnut in Pennsylvania and in other parts ofthe country as a profitable tree to plant, from the result of hisinspection of the trees of the state. PROF. FAGAN: We get a letter probably on an average of once aweek, from some one in the State of Pennsylvania who wants to plantanywhere from five acres to a hundred acres in English walnuts. We tellhim to go slow, to feel his ground out pretty well and to remember thathe is planting a tree that is a greater feeder, probably, than any otherfruit tree; that it must have food or it won't grow; and instead ofplanting a hundred acres to plant maybe half an acre and select the bestvarieties that information at the present time indicates, those thatlived through the winter of 1917-1918. We have seedling trees in Pennsylvania, that probably date back to nearrevolutionary war times; in fact there are some around Germantown thatno doubt were growing at the time of the revolutionary war, around theold Germantown Academy. Personally I would not hesitate to plant as goodan acre of land as there is in Lancaster County, or ten or twenty orfifty acres, to the better types of English walnuts that we have today. It probably would not be profitable in my time; I do not know; but itcertainly would be profitable in the lifetime of my children. I wouldnot, however, want to plant the nuts on cheap and poor mountain landwhere the most of our larger plantings, even of chestnut, have been madethroughout the country, on land that was not worth the attention ofother crops. When people write to us that they have certain types ofland we always tell them if they can grow an average crop of corn, wheat, clover or potatoes on that land there probably isn't any questionbut that if they plant English walnuts they will be successful inraising some English walnuts. Whether they will raise them profitably ornot is another question. But nothing can take the place of one or twogood trees on every farm, especially in southeastern Pennsylvania. Thereisn't much question but that those trees can be grown successfully froma line through Allentown to the Susquehanna River, and on over to thegeneral range of the Allegheny Mountains, down to the Mainland and WestVirginia line. Even in our higher elevations of sixteen or eighteenhundred feet I can show you some good old bearing trees that are ten ortwelve inches in diameter. No dwelling houses there. They are out in thecountry and they are high up. THE SECRETARY: As has been stated the essential thing in thesuccessful growing of Persian walnuts, and probably other nuts, is highfertilization. I believe that many of our failures to grow the Persianwalnut are due to lack of sufficient food. THE TREASURER: I do not suppose that any one in the associationhas made more of an effort to get better records than I have--at least Ihave made a good deal of effort. I have learned that in 1916, if Iremember correctly, the Stabler bore sixteen bushels of hulled nuts andit was estimated that two were washed away by the rains. In anotheryear, I was informed the Weiker tree bore twelve bushels. In followingup other trees I found it impossible to get any results. I tried to getinformation as to the parent Hales hickory and the most I could learnwas that the family had gathered as high as two or three bushels in oneyear. But when I saw that the tree stood on the side of a well traveledroad with only a low stone wall to get over, and that the squirrels wereplentiful and the children undoubtedly likewise, I thought it a wonderthat the Hales got any of the nuts. In the case of most of our fine parent nut trees they are eithersituated in out-of-the-way places where it is a task to get to them, orelse they are situated on the side of a traveled road where thepassersby are pretty likely to get a great many of the nuts. Take the case of the Fairbanks hickory in Alamosa, Iowa. It stands onthe side of the road on top of a hill outside of the limit of the housesof the town. I do not see how it can help being that a great proportionof the nuts are picked up by passersby. When we have grafted treesplanted where they can be protected and the crop can be watched we canget reliable data for our records; but I am afraid that except in a fewinstances, we cannot get such data for the parent trees. MR. RUSH: California is the leader in the Persian walnutindustry and I think it would be better for us to fall in line and adoptsome of their varieties. I find that they are perfectly hardy here, justas hardy as are varieties that have been grown here for a hundred years. MR. L. N. SPENCER: Right back of the postoffice are someEnglish walnut trees. They are growing very nicely. They have withstoodall kinds of weather. I have not noticed any dead limbs on the trees norany other indications that the climate here is not adapted to thegrowing of these trees. We would be glad indeed to show you the treesif you would come to the postoffice. They are not on ground belonging tothe United States government but on private ground. I have been very much interested in your discussion. I came here becauseI expect to set out some more nut trees. THE PRESIDENT: There are two items of business left for theconvention. One is, receiving the report of the nominating committee;the other is, to determine upon a place for holding our next convention. If there is nothing further to be brought before the session by themembers these two items will now receive our consideration. The first ofthe two would be the report of the nominating committee. MR. OLCOTT: Your nominating committee respectfully reports thefollowing nominations for officers of the Northern Nut Growers'Association for the coming fiscal year: President--James S. McGlennon, Rochester, N. Y. Vice-President--J. F. Jones, Lancaster, Pa. Secretary--William C. Deming, Wilton, Conn. Treasurer--Willard G. Bixby, Baldwin, N. Y. Your committee begs leave to suggest that as the details of anaggressive campaign to increase the membership of the Association entaila considerable amount of correspondence and other work, the Secretaryshould be relieved to as great an extent as is practicable, and to thatend particular attention should be paid to the selection of a MembershipCommittee. It is the belief that this is one of the most importantcommittees of the Association and that systematic endeavor upon definitelines should be made to extend the membership; that this work shouldbegin at once and be maintained earnestly throughout the coming fiscalyear. RALPH T. OLCOTT, J. F. JONES, JOHN RICK, C. S. RIDGWAY, Committee. MR. LITTLEPAGE: I move the adoption of the report. (Motion seconded and carried, and the officers therein referred to weredeclared elected. ) THE PRESIDENT: The second item is to determine the place of thenext meeting. A motion would be in order covering that. THE TREASURER: Inasmuch as we have in Rochester, New York, anorchard of filberts which is beginning to bear real crops--and that issomething none of us has ever seen--if Rochester would like to have uscome I move that we go there next year. MR. OLCOTT: Rochester would like to have you come. MR. MCGLENNON: I was going to ask that the convention bebrought to Rochester next year. I would certainly like to see it there. I second Mr. Bixby's motion. (Motion carried unanimously. ) It was moved and seconded that the next annual convention be held onSeptember 7 and 8, 1922. (Motion carried unanimously. ) MR. LITTLEPAGE moved (seconded by Mr. McGlennon) that Mr. Harrison H. Dodge, Superintendent of Mount Vernon, be elected anhonorary member of this association. (Motion carried unanimously. ) THE PRESIDENT: I desire to say that in this package I have fourseedlings from the walnuts that were supplied from Mount Vernon. A fewof the walnuts left from last year's supply were placed in the hands ofa nurseryman or florist in Saginaw too late for planting--the ground hadbecome frozen--and those few nuts be placed in pots in his greenhouse. They grew very vigorously and I have four of those in little earthenpots for planting this afternoon. MR. MCGLENNON: I make a motion that a vote of thanks beextended to Dr. Morris and the others whose papers were read by oursecretary yesterday morning and that they be notified accordingly. SENATOR PENNEY: I second the motion. (Motion carried unanimously. ) THE SECRETARY: I feel that we should express our appreciationof the efforts of the local committee and the management of this hotel. I therefore move a vote of thanks to Mr. Rush and Mr. Jones for theirwork in the management of this convention, and to the management of thehotel for the kindness they have shown us. MR. LITTLEPAGE: I second the motion. (Motion carried unanimously. ) THE PRESIDENT: We will now adjourn to gather here at twoo'clock in order to go on a sight-seeing trip or excursion around thecity and county and then to Long's Park at 4:30 o'clock for the treeplanting. PROCEEDINGS OF THE TREE PLANTING CEREMONIES AT LONG'S PARK, LANCASTERCOUNTY, PA. 4:30 p. M. , October 7, 1921 PRESIDENT LINTON: The four young walnut trees that we havebefore us are grown from walnuts from trees at Mount Vernon near thetomb of General Washington. The trees there were planted unquestionablyduring the lifetime of Washington, and have grown to be fine specimensof their particular species. Last fall the ladies of the Mount VernonAssociation gave to the Northern Nut Growers Association all of thewalnuts upon the trees at Washington's home. They divided those nutsinto two lots and the best ones were presented to the association forthe purpose of public planting. Under no circumstances were the nuts tobe commercialized or sold for gain but were to be planted by the schoolchildren of the land, if it could be satisfactorily arranged in theshort time that we had before the end of the planting season. We foundit impossible to distribute these walnuts throughout the country, although the demand kept coming for them from many states, so they weredistributed first to the district schools outside of the city of Saginawin the County of Saginaw and there planted by the school children withappropriate ceremonies. Then our city schools asked for them and inevery school yard in the city of Saginaw are some Washington walnutsgrowing today. Following this distribution to the schools we had stillseveral bushels of the nuts, and one bushel was presented to what isknown as Merlin Grotto, a branch or division of the Masonic Order. AsGeneral Washington was a member of that organization it seemed fittingthat that society should have some of the nuts. So in the beautifulgrounds outside of our city that are owned and controlled by MerlinGrotto there were also planted some of these Mount Vernon walnuts. Thenwe still had about two dozen of them left, and they were planted in whatis known as the Ezra Rush Park in Saginaw, our largest city park. Theyare there in rows to be transplanted this coming spring and will beagain distributed to the schools, or to public places desiring them, aslong as they may last. The four specimens that you have before you, gentlemen, are from nuts from trees planted during PresidentWashington's time at his home. We trust that they may live in thisbeautiful park in Lancaster and that they may go down in history showingthe source from whence they came. PROF. HERBERT H. BECK: Gentlemen: It is a very great privilegeto represent Franklin and Marshall College in extending a word ofgreeting as well as comradeship to the Northern Nut Growers'Association. I use the word comradeship advisedly because we haveinterests that are indubitably kindred. Our two institutions are bothconcerned with the cultivation of something that will contribute to thestrength and happiness of each as Americans--your institution in thecultivation of useful trees--our institution in the cultivation ofuseful men. It may well be said, show me a man who loves and cultivatestrees and I will show you a man who loves his fellow men and puts thatlove into practice. That cannot be said, unfortunately, of every man whograduates from college. It is to be doubted whether the name of JohnHarvey, considered abroad as worthy of a higher place in the annals ofAmerican horticulture, is greater than the name of Johnny Appleseed, theman who took apple trees out into the frontier of the open road. My onlyregret is that I have never been in a position to do so. I can say, though, with Dr. Holmes, for whose opinion on such things I have a mostprofound admiration, that I have an intense, passionate fondness for alltrees in general and for certain trees in particular. When I go outamong the trees I have a kinship there. I am never lonely when I am in aforest and I cannot say that when I am alone in a big city. I like tolook upon an old tree as a patriarch with not only an honored past butan interesting story locked up under its bark. As I go to such a placeas Valley Forge, I like to lay my hand on the rough bark of an old treeand say, "Oh, but that you might tell your tale; you are the only thingleft which looked upon the scene in which a few were crucified that manymight live. " Such are the thoughts that come to me when I stand by anold tree. I like to let my mind run back to the beginnings of trees, tothe pre-historic times when this bed rock was laid down, when all thisregion was an inlet or bay from the Atlantic Ocean and the upland wastreeless as our rock record shows. Then there were the beginnings of lowfern-like growth and clotted mass which gradually increased in sizeuntil they assumed the enormous proportions which made the coal bedspossible. And then I like to follow the growth of trees on to the broadleaf. We have the beginnings of the broad leaf, the sassafras, thepoplars, the maples, and the oaks, and then, as the crowning feature ofthe evolutionary process, the nut tree. I like to let my mind run aheada bit, particularly at such a time as this when we are setting out newtrees. What sort of people will these trees live to see? Will there be adecadence of the taste and fondness for trees, which we hope isgrowing? Will these trees live to see a race of people who take nointerest in such things except a commercial one, who have no thought forthe beauty of the trees nor for the rights of posterity? Will thesetrees perchance live to see an upheaval of the happy affairs which nowexist in this country? In one hundred and fifty years many things canhappen. There is much in the existing turmoil of war conditions thatsuggests possible disaster within the next couple of centuries, andpossibly that the fair constitution of Franklin and Washington may besubmerged in a chaos of something that means nothing. The remotepossibility of the invasion of a conquering race to destroy all thesethings--but banish the thought. God grant, that these young trees maygrow up to furnish shade and fruit in proper season to thousands ofhappy people, that they may always be useful and that they may not liveto see the time when disaster may come to this fair land. In closing, gentlemen, I wish to compliment you on what seems to me tobe the excellence of your personnel and organization. I am stronglyimpressed with the fact that your organization has a prime scientificvalue as well as a profound practical significance. I congratulate youon these excellent qualities and traits of your association, wish youall success and thank you for the privilege you have given me. DEAN R. L. WATTS: This seems to me almost like a sacred moment. As I stand here in this circle, the ground upheaved there and that holein the ground, I think of something else that we stand around sometimes. In a very large degree, especially in considering the remarks ofProfessor Beck, it is a sacred occasion. What could be more sacred? Whatcould we regard with greater solemnity than the planting of trees thatwill help all mankind. Particularly in connection with the planting of young trees I think ofmy own boyhood experiences. Whenever I think of the boys and girls inthe woods picking up nuts it is pretty hard for me to think of thoseboys and girls going wrong. One of the biggest things we have to look atin this country is the question of maintaining high standards of manhoodand womanhood. In that the safety of our country rests. I wonder why I was asked to speak at this meeting of the Nut Growers'Association. I do not know whether my friend Professor Fagan suggestedthat I be placed on the program or not. Perhaps he had heard about whathappens in my own home. I have never gotten away from liking a littlemanual labor. I do not want too much of it but I do like a little of it, making garden and taking care of the furnace. Mrs. Watts sometimesblames me for wanting to take care of the furnace in the cellar in thewinter time from the fact that I have always a bag of nuts down there. When I go down she hears me cracking nuts. From my earliest boyhood daysI have been tremendously interested in the whole nut proposition. What Ihave to say here today I have put in written form. A NATIONAL PROGRAM FOR THE PROMOTION OF NUT CULTURE _Dean Watts_ I am highly honored in being invited to present a paper before themembers of the Northern Nut Growers' Association. For twelve years your association has stood for all that is good inAmerican nut culture. You have considered the different classes andvarieties that are worthy a place in American horticulture. You havediscussed how the various classes may best be propagated and cultivatedand have disseminated whatever information is available concerning thecontrol of fungous and insect enemies of nut bearing trees. Some of yourmembers have conducted investigations of great value to the industry andothers have made a special study of the food value of nuts as comparedwith other standard foods. The eleven annual reports of the associationare indicative of the broad field of study and service which has beencovered by a zealous and enthusiastic body of nut specialists. Surely there is no doubt in the mind of any member of this associationconcerning the importance of nut culture in the United States. From thestandpoint of food alone, we are more than justified in waging avigorous campaign for the planting of millions of trees. Who can mentionany article of food that is more nutritious, more wholesome, moredelicious than any and all of our native nuts as well as many importedspecies? And what other class of trees even approaches the nut as a dualpurpose tree? In fact, as is well known, nut trees have four distinctvalues; namely, to furnish food, shade, timber and ornamentation to thelandscape. In view of the important place which nut trees should have in Americanhorticulture, can we not manage in some way to plan and carry out acomprehensive national program for the promotion of this proposition?Surely there are thousands of people and hundreds of organizations andinstitutions of various kinds which would consider it a privilege tohave a real part in such a worthy cause. For one who has been a member of this association for only a few hours, it may seem a little presumptuous to even suggest a national program forthe promotion of nut culture, to say nothing of what should constitutesuch a program. But, running the risk of someone hurling a chestnut burrat me, I will venture a few suggestions, though they may be as old asthe sweetest of American nuts. RESEARCH The great fundamental need of all American agriculture is research. Thisstatement applies to nut culture more than to any other branch ofhorticulture because it has received less attention from well trainedinvestigators. Much credit is due the members of this association fortheir patient and painstaking studies. But instead of having a merehandful of men devoting their time to nut investigations, there ought tobe several men in each state engaged in working on the numerous problemsof vital importance to the nut industry. Prof. Reed of the United States Department of Agriculture should have astaff of several specialists, in order that he might make greaterprogress in working out projects of national importance. The StateAgricultural Experiment Stations have shown very little interest in thismatter. Funds should be made available in each state to undertake nutinvestigations that promise results of economic value. However, if theUnited States Department of Agriculture and the State ExperimentStations are to make real expansion in nut investigations, there must bedemands and outside pressure from prominent people; as for example, fromthe members of this association. More and more the farmers of thecountry are petitioning their Experiment Stations to make certainstudies and it is unlikely that these institutions will do very much forthe nut industry unless the rural population indicate that they wantthis line of work included in the experimental program. Mr. President, cannot this association block out at least a tentativenut research program for the whole United States? What are the problemsthat should have first consideration? What do you think the PennsylvaniaAgricultural Experiment Station should do for nut culture in this state?As Director of the Pennsylvania Station, I would like to have thisquestion answered by the nut enthusiasts of the state. Dr. Fletcher andProf. Fagan stand ready to carry out your wishes and I pledge them myheartiest co-operation. Many of you know that the Pennsylvania Stationis now working under a great handicap financially, but this situationmay change within a few years. TEACHING I have been wondering whether all of the Agricultural Colleges giveinstruction in nut culture. If they do, just how much consideration isgiven to this important matter. It is one thing to give a careful, thorough, systematic course, covering a whole term or semester but quiteanother proposition to give a few disconnected lectures. If a committeeof this association could look into the matter and formulate asuggestive program for the Colleges, it would stimulate greater interestin the subject in all of the Agricultural Colleges. In this connection let us not lose sight of the fact that the number ofCollege boys on our farms is increasing very rapidly. Not long ago Iattended a Farm Bureau meeting in Washington County, Pennsylvania, atwhich there were twenty-five to thirty young men who had takenAgricultural courses at The Pennsylvania State College. We can readilysee what an opportunity it is to teach these College boys the benefitsof planting nut bearing trees on their home places. Again, we should manage in some way or other to permeate our town andrural schools with the nut planting spirit. Thousands and thousands ofshade trees are planted where nut trees would be much more desirable. Every country school ground might well serve as a demonstration centerof the best nut producing trees for that community. If such a schemewere carried out intelligently, our farmsteads would soon abound withnut trees. Let us not lose sight of the value of the demonstration ideain any nut propaganda work that may be undertaken. EXTENSION SERVICE The United States has the best and most wonderful system of AgriculturalExtension of any country in the world. Are we using this system toextend the planting of nut bearing trees. Do we not know of classes andvarieties which may be planted under suitable conditions that will becertain to give satisfactory results? If so, why not get thisinformation in definite form before our County Agents and Farm Bureausand let them pass it along to the soil tillers. Perhaps the time is notfar off when the Colleges might appoint Nut Extension Specialists whowould work through the County Agents and public schools and handle thismatter in a thorough, effective, systematic manner. Surely we have themachinery for the dissemination of whatever knowledge is availablerelating to the selection, planting and care of nut bearing trees. STATE DEPARTMENTS All of the numerous State Departments of Agriculture, Forestry, GameConservation, etc. , in this and every other state should be vitallyinterested in the nut proposition. Perhaps some of the officials inthese State Departments don't realize the possibilities of nut planting?Is there any way of educating them? For example, our Game Commissionersare worrying over the disappearance of the chestnut as a source of foodfor squirrels. Do they realize that the bush chinquapin might besubstituted with success, in some sections at least? And why not getgame and squirrel lovers and tree planters in general to enthuse aboutthe planting of black walnuts with a liberal sprinkling of butternuts?The result would be food for the squirrels, for the kiddies and some forthe old folks, besides useful timber trees and also beautiful roadsidesand farmsteads. THE PRESS We ought to manage in some way to get more material relating to nutspublished in country papers and magazines, especially in the farmpapers. Millions of copies of the agricultural papers reach our farmhomes every week. They are read largely by the boys and girls who arealways very much interested in nuts. STATE LAWS I do not know how much can be accomplished by passing laws that willencourage the planting of nut bearing trees, especially along theroadside. All of us will watch with much interest the Penney Law ofMichigan. A very careful study should be made of this phase of theproblem and then urge the passage of such laws in each state as will bemost favorable to the development of the whole proposition. ASSOCIATIONS For real aggressive work we must rely very largely upon numerousassociations, national, state, county and local. This association shouldtake the lead and many others can render tremendous assistance incarrying out a national program. Enthusiasts in every community shouldsee to it that the subject is properly represented at the local meetingsof horticultural associations and other organizations which discussrural problems. In closing this paper may I again urge the importance of a constructiveresearch program, if nut culture is to make any considerable progress inthe United States. APPENDIX Members and others present: E. M. Ives, Meriden, Conn. ; Jacob E. Brown, Elmer, N. J. ; Jacob A. Rife, S. J. Rife, J. S. Rittenhouse, Loraine, Pa. ; Christian LeFevre, W. Lampeter, Pa. ; John Rick, Mr. And Mrs. SamuelL. Smedley, Prof. H. H. Beck, J. E. Fortney, J. F. Jones, Harvey A. Penney, James M. Balthaser, James S. McGlennon, Ralph T. Olcott, JohnWatson, J. G. Rush, T. P. Littlepage, Mr. And Mrs. C. S. Ridgway, Prof. F. N. Fagan, A. C. Pomeroy, C. M. Leiter, Ralph W. Leiter, Elam G. Hess, W. N. Roper, Mr. And Mrs. W. G. Bixby, Mrs. N. R. Haines, WilmerWescoat, Patrick O'Connor, Postmaster Spencer, Dr. W. C. Deming, W. S. Linton, J. S. Ritchie, Dr. C. A. Cannaday, Dean R. L. Watts, Mr. AndMrs. W. C. Rhodes, Ammon P. Fritz, Mr. And Mrs. Blockhauser, D. F. Clark, Rev. And Mrs. Geo. A. Stauffer, Harry Stuart, Oliver S. Shaefer. Exhibits: Black walnuts, Ohio, Stabler from original tree at Brookville, Md. ; Thomas, considered the best of the larger sorts, and perhaps thebest cracker among these, tree a very rapid grower and a good andreliable bearer; Persian walnut, Alpine, from Benj. Mylin, Willow St. Pa. Grafted tree; Juglans sieboldiana or sieboldi, Japan walnut, rapidgrower and beautiful tree; Juglans cordiformis, Japan walnut, treesimilar to the sieboldiana but a better nut, grafted trees bearing veryearly; Indiana pecan from original tree Wabash River bottoms, Oaktown, Ind. ; Niblack pecan from original pecan in Indiana; Weiker hickoryseedlings, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, from seedlings 60 years old from the parenttree 200 years old at Lampeter, Lancaster Co. , Pa. , showing markedvariation from the type of the parent tree, which is believed to be across between the shagbark and the shellbark; Kirtland shagbark fromoriginal tree at Yalesville, Ct. ; Laney shagbark-bitternut hybridfrom original tree in Rochester, N. Y. City park; Fairbanksshagbark-bitternut hybrid from topworked tree, original tree near CedarRapids, Iowa; Leaves, burrs and nuts of Morris hybrid chestnut No. 1, American sweet chestnut pollen on chinkapin. High quality, good size, prolific. Tree has not blighted to date after twelve years exposure toblighting chestnuts and chinkapins. Leaves, burrs and nuts of Morrishybrid chestnut No. 2, American sweet chestnut pollen on chinkapin. Highquality, bright color, good size, not so prolific as No. 1 and No. 3 asit leaves some of the racemes of burrs unfilled. The tree has notblighted to date after twelve years of exposure to blighting chestnutsand chinkapins. Leaves, burrs and nuts of Morris hybrid chestnut No. 3, American sweet chestnut pollen on chinkapin. Many Japanese and Koreanchestnuts were blossoming in the vicinity and this may be an accidentalpollination from them instead of from pollen of the American chestnut. Quality not so good as that of No. 1 and No. 2. Nut dull in colorinstead of bright. Tree prolific, has shown blight but once duringtwelve years of exposure among blighting chestnuts and chinkapins. Blight took place at a place where the tree was injured by a fallinglimb from a dying chestnut tree. The blighted spot was cut out and didnot reappear. Filberts, Emperor, Du Chilly, Montebello, Noce Lunghe, Italian Red, Des Anglais, Red Aveline, Cornucopia, Imperial Daviana;Nelubium luteum, American lotus, also called water chinkapin, Yonkopin, etc. , an aquatic plant; Nelubium speciosum, Egyptian lotus, muchcultivated for its large, beautiful flowers.