Transcriber's note: A few typographical errors have been corrected: theyare listed at the end of the text. 

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{25}

NOTES AND QUERIES:

A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, GENEALOGISTS, ETC. 

"When found, make a note of. "--CAPTAIN CUTTLE. 

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No. 193. ]SATURDAY, JULY 9. 1853. . [Price Fourpence. Stamped Edition 5d. 

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CONTENTS. 

 NOTES:-- Page The Eye: its primary Idea 25 Gossiping History--De Quincey's Account of Hatfield 26 Notes upon the Names of some of the Early Inhabitants of Hellas 27 Shakspeare Readings, No. IX. 28 Göthe's Author-Remuneration 29

 MINOR NOTES:--Parallel Passages--Unpublished Epitaphs-- The Colour of Ink in Writings--Literary Parallels-- Latin Verses prefixed to Parish Registers-- Napoleon's Bees 30

 QUERIES:-- Was Thomas Lord Lyttelton the Author of Junius's Letters? by Sir F. Madden 31

 MINOR QUERIES:--Lord Chatham--Slow-worm Superstition-- Tangiers--Snail Gardens--Naples and the Campagna Felice--"The Land of Green Ginger"--Mugger-- Snail-eating--Mysterious Personage--George Wood of Chester--A Scale of Vowel Sounds--Seven Oaks and Nine Elms--Murder of Monaldeschi--Governor Dameram--Ancient Arms of the See of York--Hupfeld--Inscription on a Tomb in Finland--Sir Isaac Newton and Voltaire on Railway Travelling--Tom Thumb's House at Gonerby, Lincolnshire--Mr. Payne Collier's Monovolume Shakspeare 33

 REPLIES:-- Wild Plants and their Names 35 Jacob Bobart, by H. T. Bobart 37 Heraldic Queries 37 Door-head Inscriptions 38 Consecrated Roses 38 Notes on Serpents 39

 Photographic Correspondence:--Early Notice of the Camera Obscura--Queries on Dr. Diamond's Collodion Process--Baths for the Collodion Process 41

 REPLIES TO MINOR QUERIES:--Mitigation of Capital Punishment to a Forger--Chronograms and Anagrams-- Abigail--Burial in unconsecrated Ground--"Cob" and "Conners"--Coleridge's Unpublished MSS. --Selling a Wife--Life--Passage of Thucydides on the Greek Factions--Archbishop King--Devonianisms--Perseverant, Perseverance--"The Good Old Cause"--Saying of Pascal-- Paint taken off of old Oak--Passage in the "Tempest" 42

 MISCELLANEOUS:-- Notes on Books, &c. 45 Books and Odd Volumes wanted 45 Notices to Correspondents 46 Advertisements 46

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Notes. 

THE EYE: ITS PRIMARY IDEA. 

I do not remember to have remarked that any writer notices how uniformly, in almost all languages, the same primary idea has been attached to theeye. This universal consent is the more remarkable, inasmuch as theconnexion in question, though of course most appropriate and significant initself, hardly seems to indicate the most prominent characteristic, or whatwe should deem to be _par excellence_ the obvious qualities of the eye; ina word, we should scarcely expect a term derived from a physical attributeor property. 

The eye is suggestive of life, of divinity, of intellect, piercingacuteness (_acies_); and again, of truth, of joy, of love: but these seemto have been disregarded, as being mere indistinctive accidents, and theprimary idea which, by the common consent of almost all nations, has beenthought most properly to symbolise this organ is a spring--_fons_, [Greek:pêgê]. 

Thus, from [Hebrew: `IYN], _manare, scatere_, a word not in use, accordingto Fuerst, we have the Hebrew [Hebrew: `AYIN], _fons aquarum etlacrimarum_, h. E. _oculus_. This word however, in its simple form, seemsto have almost lost its primary signification, being used most generally inits secondary--_oculus_. (Old Testament Hebrew version, _passim_. ) In thesense of _fons_, its derivative [Hebrew: MA`YAN] is usually substituted. 

Precisely the same connexion of ideas is to be found in the Syriac, theEthiopic, and the Arabic. 

Again, in the Greek we find the rarely-used word [Greek: opê], a fountain, or more properly the _eye_, whence it wells out, --the same form as [Greek:opê], _oculus_; [Greek: ôps, opsis, optomai]. Thus, in St. James hisEpistle, cap. Iii. 11. : [Greek: mêti hê pêgê ek tês autês opês bruei togluku kai to pikron]. 

In the Welsh, likewise, a parallel case occurs: _Llygad_, an eye, signifiesalso the spring from which water flows, as in the same passage of St. James: _a ydyw ffynnon o'r un llygad_ (from one spring or eye) _yn rhoidwfr melus a chwerw?_

On arriving at the Teutonic or old German tongue, we find the sameconnexion still existing: _Avg_, _auga_, --_oculus_; whence _ougenostendere_--Gothis _augo_; and _awe, auge, ave, campus ad {26} amnem_. (Vid. Schilteri, _Thes. _, vol. Iii. _ad voc. _) And here we cannot helpnoticing the similarity between these words and the Hebrew [Hebrew: Y'OR], which (as well as the Coptic _iaro_) means primarily a river or stream froma spring; but, according to Professor Lee, is allied to [Hebrew: 'WOR], light, the enlightenment of the mind, the opening of the eyes; and he adds, "the application of the term to water, as _running, translucid_, &c. , iseasy. " Here, then, is a similar connexion of ideas with a change in themetaphor. 

In the dialects which descended from the Teutonic in the Saxon branch, theconnexion between these two distinct objects is also singularly preserved. It is to be found in the Low German, the Friesic, and the Anglo-Saxon. Inthe latter we have _eá_, _eah_, _eagor_, a welling, flowing stream; _eah_, _ægh_, _eage_, an eye, which might be abundantly illustrated. 

We could hardly fail to find in Shakspeare some allusion to these connectedimages in the old tongue; no speck of beauty could exist and escape hisken. Thus:

 "In that respect, too, like a loving child, Shed yet some small drops from thy tender spring, Because kind Nature doth require it so. " _Tit. And. _, Act V. Sc. 3. 

 "Back, foolish tears, back to your native spring; Your tributary drops belong to woe, Which you, mistaking, offer up for joy. " _Rom. And Jul. _, Act III. Sc. 2. 

Many of the phrases of the ancient tongues, in which the eye bears a part, have been handed down to us, and are still preserved in our own. My space, however, forbids me to do more than allude to them; but there is one veryforcible expression in the Hebrew [Hebrew: `AYIN B`AYIN], literally, eye ineye, which we render much less forcibly--face to face. The Welsh havepreserved it exactly in their _llygad yn llygad_. Indeed, this is not theonly instance in which they are proud of having handed down the Hebrewidiom in all its purity. Shakspeare twice uses the old phrase:

 "Since then my office hath so far prevailed, That face to face, and royal eye to eye, You have congreeted. "--_Hen. V. _, Act V. Sc. 2. 

And in _Tro. And Cres. _, Act III. Sc. 3; but it appears now to be obsolete. 

Before concluding, I cannot help noticing, in connexion with this subject, the Old English term "the apple of the eye. " I am unable to trace it beyondthe Anglo-Saxon. The Teutonic _sehandes ougen_, _pupilla oculi_, is totallydistinct; _seha_ being merely _medius punctus oculi_, whence _sehan_, _videre_. In the Semitic languages, as well as in the Greek and Latin, theorigin of the term is the same, and gives no clue to the meaning of theSaxon term. Thus, in the Hebrew [Hebrew: 'IYSHWON], dim. Of [Hebrew:'IYSH], _homunculus_, the small image of a person seen in the eye. InArabic it is the _man_ or _daughter of the eye_. In Greek we have [Greek:korê, korasion, korasidon]; and in Latin, _pupa, pupula, pupilla_. 

Has any light been thrown on the Anglo-Saxon term? Can it be that _iris_, not the pupil, is taken to represent an apple? The pupil itself would thenbe the eye of the apple of the eye. 

H. C. K. 

---- Rectory, Hereford. 

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GOSSIPING HISTORY--DE QUINCEY'S ACCOUNT OF HATFIELD. 

In proof of the severity with which the laws against forgery were enforced, I have been referred to the case of Hatfield, hanged in 1803 for forgingfranks. It is given very fully in Mr. De Quincey's "Literary Recollectionsof Coleridge" in the first volume of the Boston edition of his _Works_. 

The story has some romance in it, and excited great interest fifty yearsago. Hatfield had lived by swindling; and, though he underwent animprisonment for debt, had, upon the whole, a long career of success. Thelast scene of his depredations was the Lakes, where he married a barmaid, who was called "The Beauty of Buttermere. " Shortly after the marriage hewas arrested, tried, and executed. Mr. De Quincey afterwards lived in theneighbourhood, dined at the public-house kept by Mary's father, and waswaited upon by her. He had the fullest opportunities of getting correctinformation: and his version of the story is so truthlike, that I shouldhave accepted it without hesitation but for the hanging for forging afrank. As that offence never was capital, and was made a felony punishablewith transportation for seven years by 42 Geo. III. C. 63. , I was impelledto compare the statement founded on gossip with more formal accounts; and Isend the result in illustration of the small reliance which is to be placedon tradition in such matters. The arrival of Hatfield in a carriage isgraphically described. He called himself the Hon. Augustus Hope, brother ofthe Earl of Hopetoun. Some doubts were felt at first, but--

 "To remove suspicion, he not only received letters addressed to him under this assumed name, but he continually franked letters by that name. Now, _that being a capital offence_, being not only a forgery, but (as a forgery on the Post-office) sure to be prosecuted, nobody presumed to question his pretensions any longer; and henceforward he went to all places with the consideration due to an earl's brother. "--P. 196. 

The marriage with Mary Robinson, and the way in which they passed thehoneymoon, are described:

 "They continued to move backwards and forwards, until at length, _with the startling of a thunderclap to the_ {27} _affrighted mountaineers_, the bubble burst; officers of justice appeared, _the stranger was easily intercepted from flight_, and, _upon a capital charge_, he was _borne away to Carlisle_. At the ensuing assizes he was _tried for forgery on the prosecution of the Post-office_, found guilty, left for execution, and executed accordingly. "--P. 199. 

 "One common scaffold confounds the most flinty hearts and the tenderest. However, it was in some measure the heartless part of Hatfield's conduct which drew upon him his ruin; for _the Cumberland jury_, as I have been told, _declared their unwillingness to hang him for having forged a frank_; and both they, and _those who refused to aid his escape when first apprehended_, were reconciled to this harshness entirely by what they heard of his conduct _to their injured young fellow-countrywoman_. "--P. 201. 

Hatfield was not "easily intercepted from flight. " Sir Frederick Vanegranted a warrant to apprehend him on the charge of forcing franks. Hatfield ordered dinner at the Queen's Head, Keswick, to be ready at three;took a boat, and did not return. This was on October 6: he was married toMary on the 2nd. In November he was apprehended near Brecknock, in Wales:so those who refused to aid his escape, if such there were, were not"reconciled to the hardship by what they heard of his conduct to theiryoung fellow-countrywoman. " The "startling of the thunderclap" was precededby an ordinary proclamation, describing the offender, and offering a rewardof 50l. For his apprehension. He was not "hurried away to Carlisle, " butdeliberately taken to London on December 12; examined at Bow Street, remanded three times, and finally committed; and sent to Carlisle, where hewas tried on August 15, 1803. 

Three indictments were preferred against him: the first for forging a billof exchange for 20l. , drawn by Alexander Augustus Hope on John Crump, payable to George Wood; the second for a similar bill for 30l. ; and thethird for counterfeiting Colonel Hope's handwriting to defraud thePost-office. 

The Cumberland jury did not "declare their unwillingness to hang him forforging a frank, " that not being a capital offence. I infer, also, that itwas one for which he was not tried. He was convicted on the firstindictment; the court rose immediately after the jury had given theirverdict; and the prisoner was called up for judgment at eight the nextmorning. Trying a man under sentence of death for a transportable felony, is contrary to all practice. Hatfield was executed at Carlisle on September3, 1803. 

Mary's misfortunes induced the sympathising public to convert her into aminor heroine. She seems to have been a common-place person, with smallclaims to the title of "The Beauty of Buttermere. " A cotemporary accountsays, "she is rather gap-toothed and somewhat pock-marked. " And Mr. DeQuincey, after noticing her good figure, says, "the expression of hercountenance was often disagreeable. "

 "A lady, not very scrupulous in her embellishment of facts, used to tell an anecdote of her which I hope was exaggerated. Some friend of hers, as she affirmed, in company with a large party, visited Buttermere a day or two after that on which Hatfield suffered; and she protested that Mary threw on the table, with an emphatic gesture, the Carlisle paper containing an elaborate account of the execution. "--P. 204. 

Considering the treatment she had received, it is not unlikely that herlove, if she ever had any for a fat man of forty-five, was turned intohatred; and it was not to be expected that her taste would keep down themanifestation of such feeling. When Hatfield was examined at Bow Street, Sir Richard Ford, the chief magistrate, ordered the clerk to read aloud aletter which he received from her. It was:

 "Sir, --The man whom I had the misfortune to marry, and who has ruined me and my aged and unhappy parents, always told me that he was the Hon. Colonel Hope, the next brother to the Earl of Hopetoun. 

 "Your grateful and unfortunate servant, "MARY ROBINSON. "

I do not blame Mr. De Quincey, having no doubt that he believed what he wastold; but I have put together these facts and discrepancies, to show howcareful we should be in accepting traditions, when a man of very highability, with the best opportunities of getting at the truth, was soegregiously misled. 

My authorities are, _The Annual Register_, 1803, pp. 421. And 428. ; _TheGentleman's Magazine_, 1803, pp. 779. 876. And 983. ; Kirby's _WonderfulMagazine_, vol. I. Pp. 309. And 336. _The Newgate Calendar_ gives a similaraccount but not having it at hand, I cannot vouch it. 

H. B. C. 

U. U. Club. 

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NOTES UPON THE NAMES OF SOME OF THE EARLY INHABITANTS OF HELLAS. 

I. I have never seen it yet noticed, that the names _Pyrrha_, _Æolus_, _Xuthus_, _Ion_, are all names of _colours_. Is there anything in this, oris it fortuitous?

II. In accordance with the above, I think we may refer most of the names ofthe early inhabitants of Greece to words denoting _light_ or _colour_, orthe like. 

(1. ) _Pelas-gi. _ The first part of this word is, by Mr. Donaldson, connected with [Greek: mel-as], which is also, probably, the root of_Mol-ossi_. 

(2. ) _Hellenes_, connected with _Helli_, _Selli_, [Greek: selas, heulê, hêlios]. This derivation is made more probable {28} by the fact, that theneighbouring Pelasgic tribes have a similar meaning; _e. G. _, _Perrhæbi_, alike to _Pyrrha_ and [Greek: pur]; _Æthices_, [Greek: aithô], _Tymphæi_, [Greek: tuphô]; _Hestiæi_, [Greek: hestia]. Add to this, thatthe name _Phthiotis_ seems indubitably to derive its name from _Phthah_, the Egyptian _Hephæstus_, and to be a translation of the word _Hellas_. 

N. B. --The existence of an Egyptian colony in that part is attested by theexistence of a Phthiotic _Thebæ_. 

(3. ) On the other hand, the word _Achæus_ seems to be connected with[Greek: achos, achnumai], and [Greek: achlus] in the sense of gloom (of[Greek: ouranion achos]). So the Homeric _Cimmerians_ are derived from[Hebrew: KIMRIYRIY] (Job), denoting _darkness_. 

(4. ) Lastly, I submit with great diffidence the following examination ofthe words _Dorus_ and the Æolian _Minyæ_, which I shall attempt to derivefrom words denoting _sun_ and _moon_ respectively. 

The word _Dorus_ I assume to be connected with the first part of the names_Dry-opes_ and _Dol-opes_. The metathesis in the first case seemssanctioned by the analogy of the Sanscrit _drî_ and Greek [Greek: deirô], and the mutation of _l_ and _r_ in the second is too common in Greek andLatin to admit of any doubt, _e. G. _ [Greek: ar-galeos] and [Greek:algaletos]; _Sol_ and _Soracte_. With this premised, I think we may bejustified in connecting the following words with one another. 

_Dores_, _Dryopes_ with [Greek: Seirios] (of [Greek: Sios] and [Greek:Dios]) [Greek: Theros], the Scythian sun-god [Greek: Oito-surus], theEgyptian _O-siris_, and perhaps the Hebrew [Hebrew: DWOR] and Greek [Greek:dêros] (the course of the sun being the emblem of eternity). --_Dol-opes_with _Sol_, [Greek: heilê], _Selli_, &c. 

On the other hand, the neighbouring _Minyæ_ seem connected with [Greek:minuthô, minuntha], _minus_, --all with the sense of _decreasing_ or_waning_; hence referable, both in sense and (I fancy) in derivation, toGreek [Greek: mên], and Latin _men-sis_. 

J. H. J. 

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SHAKSPEARE READINGS, NO. IX. 

 "It lies as sightly on the back of him As great Alcides' shoes upon an ass. "--_King John_, Act II. Sc. 1. 

 "The ass was to _wear_ the shoes, and not to bear them on his back, as Theobald supposed, and therefore would read _shows_. The 'shoes of Hercules' were as commonly alluded to by our old poets, as the _ex pede Herculem_ was a familiar allusion of the learned. " (Mr. Knight in 1839. )

Fourteen years' additional consideration has not altered Mr. Knight's viewof this passage. In 1853 we find him putting forth a prospectus for a newedition of Shakspeare, to be called "The Stratford Edition, " variousportions from which he sets before the public by way of sample. Here wehave over again the same note as above, a little diversified, and placedparallel to Theobald's edition in this way:

 "It lies as sightly on the back of him As great Alcides' _shows_ upon an ass. "

 "The folio reads 'Great Alcides' shoes. ' Theobald says, 'But why _shoes_, in the name of propriety? For let Hercules and his _shoes_ have been really as big as they were ever supposed to be, yet they (I mean the _shoes_) would not have been an overload for an ass. '"

 "The 'shoes of Hercules' were as commonly alluded to in our old poets, as the _ex pede Herculem_ was a familiar allusion of the learned. It was not necessary that the ass should be overloaded with the shoes--he might be _shod_ (shoed) with them. "

Now who, in reading these parallel notes, but would suppose that it is Mr. Knight who restores _shoes_ to the text, and that it is Mr. Knight whopoints out the common allusion by our old poets to the shoes of Hercules?Who would imagine that the substance of this correction of Theobald waswritten by Steevens a couple of generations back, and that, consequently, Theobald's proposed alteration had never been adopted?

I should not think of pointing out this, but that Mr. Knight himself, inthis same prospectus, has taken Mr. Collier to task for the very samething; that is, for taking credit, in his _Notes and Emendations_, for allthe folio MS. Corrections, whether known or unknown, necessary orunnecessary. 

Indeed, the very words of Mr. Knight's complaint against Mr. Collier arecuriously applicable to himself:

 "It requires the most fixed attention to the nice distinctions of such constantly-recurring 'notes and emendations, ' to disembarrass the cursory reader from the notion that these are _bonâ fide_ corrections of the common text. .. . 

 "Who cares to know what errors are corrected in" (the forthcoming Stratford edition), "that exist in no other, and which have never been introduced into the modern text?"--_Specimen_, &c. , p. Xxiv. 

The impression one would receive from Mr. Knight's note upon Theobald is, that Shakspeare had his notion of _the shoes_ from "our old poets, " while_the learned_ had _theirs_ from _ex pede Herculem_; but where the analogylies, wherein the point, or what the application, is not explained. Steevens' original note was superior to this, in so much that he quoted thewords of these old poets, thereby giving his readers an opportunity ofconsidering the justness of the deduction. The only set-off to thisomission by Mr. Knight is the introduction of "ex pede Herculem, " the meritof which is doubtless his own. 

But it so happens that the size of the foot of Hercules has no more to dowith the real point of the allusion than the length of Prester John's;therefore _ex pede Herculem_ is a most unfortunateillustration, --particularly awkward in a specimen sample, the excellence ofwhich may be questioned. {29}

It is singular enough, and it says a great deal for Theobald's commonsense, that _he_ saw what the true intention of the allusion must be, although he did not know how to reconcile it with the existing letter ofthe text. He wished to preserve _the spirit_ by the sacrifice of _theletter_, while Mr. Knight preserves the letter but misinterprets thespirit. 

Theobald's word "shows, " in the sense of externals, is very nearly whatShakspeare meant by _shoes_, except that _shoes_ implies a great deal morethan _shows_, --it implies the assumption of the character as well as theexternals of Hercules. 

Out of five quotations from our old poets, given by Steevens in the firstedition of his note, there is not one in which _the shoes_ are not providedwith _feet_. But Malone, to his immortal honour, was the first to furnishthem with _hoofs_:

 "Upon an ass; _i. E. _ upon the hoofs of an ass. "--_Malone. _

But Shakspeare nowhere alludes to feet! His ass most probably _had feet_, and so had Juvenal's verse (when he talks of his "satyrâ sumentecothurnum"); but neither Shakspeare nor Juvenal dreamed of any necessaryconnexion between the feet and the shoes. 

Therein lies the difference between Shakspeare and "our old poets;" adifference that ought to be sufficient, of itself, to put down the commoncry, --that Shakspeare borrowed his allusions from them. If so, how is itthat his expositors, with these old poets before their eyes all this time, together with their own scholarship to boot, have so widely mistaken thetrue point of his allusion? It is precisely because they _have_ confinedtheir researches to these old poets, and have _not_ followed Shakspeare tothe fountain head. 

There is a passage in Quintilian which, very probably, has been the commonsource of both Shakspeare's version, and that of the old poets; with thisdifference, that he understood the original and they did not. 

Quintilian is cautioning against the introduction of solemn bombast intrifling affairs:

 "To get up, " says he, "this sort of pompous tragedy about mean matters, is as though you would dress up children with the _mask_ and _buskins_ of Hercules. "

 ["Nam in parvis quidem litibus has tragoedias movere tale est quale si _personam_ Herculis et _cothurnos_ aptare infantibus velis. "]

Here the addition of the _mask_ proves that the allusion is purelytheatrical. The mask and buskins are put for the stage trappings, or_properties_, of the part of Hercules: of these, one of the items was the_lion's skin_; and hence the extreme aptitude of the allusion, as appliedby the Bastard, in _King John_, to Austria, who was assuming the importanceof Coeur de Lion!

It is interesting to observe how nearly Theobald's plain, homely sense, ledhim to the necessity of the context. The real points of the allusion canscarcely be expressed in better words than his own:

 "Faulconbridge, in his resentment, would say this to Austria, 'That lion's skin which my great father, King Richard, once wore, looks as uncouthly on thy back, as that other noble hide, which was borne by Hercules, would look on the back of an ass!' A double allusion was intended: first, to the fable of the ass in the lion's skin; then Richard I. Is finely set in competition with Alcides, as Austria is satirically coupled with the ass. "

One step farther, and Theobald would have discovered the true solution: heonly required to know that _the shoes_, by a figure of rhetoric calledsynecdoche, may stand for the whole character and attributes of Hercules, to have saved himself the trouble of conjecturing an ingenious, thoughinfinitely worse word, as a substitute. 

As for subsequent annotators, it must be from the mental preoccupation ofthis unlucky "ex pede Herculem, " that _they_ have so often put their footin it. They have worked up Alcides' shoe into a sort of antithesis toCinderella's; and, like Procrustes, they are resolved to stretch everythingto fit. 

A. E. B. 

Leeds. 

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GÖTHE'S AUTHOR-REMUNERATION. 

The Note in your valuable Journal (Vol. Vii. , p. 591. ) requires, I think, so far as it relates to Göthe, several corrections which I am in theposition of making. The amount which that great man is said to havereceived for his "works (aggregate)" is "30, 000 crowns. " The person who_originally_ printed this statement must have been completely ignorant ofGöthe's affairs, and even biography. Göthe had (unlike Byron) severalpublishers in his younger years. Subsequently he became closer connectedwith M. _J. G. Cotta_ of Stuttgardt, who, in succession, published almostall Göthe's works. Amongst them were _several_ editions of his completeworks: for instance, that published conjointly at Vienna and Stuttgardt. Then came, in 1829, what was called the edition of the last hand (_Ausgabeletzter Hand_), as Göthe was then more than eighty years of age. During allthe time these two editions were published, other detached new works ofGöthe were also printed; as well as new editions of former books, &c. Whocan now say that it was 20, 000 crowns (_thalers?_) which the great poetreceived for each various performance?--_No one. _ And this for manyreasons. Göthe always remained with M. Cotta on terms of politeacquaintanceship, no more: there was no "My dear Murray" in their strictlybusiness-like connexion. Göthe also never wrote on such things, even in hisbiography or diary. But some talk was going around in Germany, that for_one_ of the editions of his _complete_ works (there {30} appeared stillmany volumes of posthumous), he received the above sum. I can assert ongood authority, that Göthe, foreseeing his increasing popularity even longafter his death, stipulated with M. Cotta to pay his _heirs_ a certain sumfor every new edition of either his complete or single works. One of therecipients of these yet _current accounts_ is Baron Wolfgang von Göthe, Attaché of the Prussian Legation at Rome. 

A FOREIGN SURGEON. 

Charlotte Street, Bloomsbury Square. 

 * * * * *

Minor Notes. 

_Parallel Passages. _--

 "The Father of the gods his glory shrouds, Involved in tempests and a night of clouds. "--Dryden's _Virgil_. 

 "Mars, hovering o'er his Troy, his terror shrouds In gloomy tempests and a night of clouds. "--Pope's _Homer's Iliad_, book xx. Lines 69, 70. 

UNEDA. 

_Unpublished Epitaphs. _--I copied the following two epitaphs from monumentsin the churchyard of Llangerrig, Montgomeryshire, last autumn. They perhapsdeserve printing from the slight resemblance they bear to that in MelroseChurchyard, quoted in Vol. Vii. , pp. 676, 677. :

 "O earth, O earth! observe this well-- That earth to earth shall come to dwell: Then earth in earth shall close remain Till earth from earth shall rise again. "

 "From earth my body first arose; But here to earth again it goes. I never desire to have it more, To plague me as it did before. "

P. H. FISHER. 

_The Colour of Ink in Writings. _--My attention was called to this subjectsome years ago by an attempt made in a judicial proceeding to prove thatpart of a paper produced was written at a different time than the rest, because part differed from the rest in the shade of the ink. The followingconclusions have been the result of my observations upon the subject:

1. That if the ink of part of a writing is of a different shade, though ofthe same colour, from that of the other parts, we cannot infer from thatcircumstance alone that the writing was done at different times. Ink takenfrom the top of an inkstand will be lighter than that from the bottom, where the dregs are; the deeper the pen is dipped into the ink, the darkerthe writing will be. 

2. Writing performed with a pen that has been used before, will be darkerthan that with a new pen; for the dry residuum of the old ink that isencrusted on the used pen will mix with the new ink, and make it darker. And for the same reason--

3. Writing with a pen previously used will be darker at first than it isafter the old deposit, having been mixed up with the new ink, is used up. 

M. E. 

Philadelphia. 

_Literary Parallels. _--Has it ever been noticed that the well-knownepitaph, sometimes assigned to Robin of Doncaster, sometimes to EdwardCourtenay, third Earl of Devon, and I believe to others besides: "What Igave, that I have, " &c. , has been anticipated by, if not imitated from, Martial, book v. Epigr. 42. , of which the last two lines are:

 "Extra fortunam est, quicquid donatur amicis; Quas dederis, solas semper habebis opes. "

The English is so much more terse and sententious, besides involving a muchhigher moral signification, that it may well be an original itself; but inthat case, the verbal coincidence is striking enough. 

J. S. WARDEN. 

_Latin Verses prefixed to Parish Registers. _--On a fly-leaf in one of theregisters of the parish of Hawsted, Suffolk, is the following note in thehandwriting of the Rev. Sir John Cullum, the rector and historian of theparish:

 "Many old register books begin with some Latin lines, expressive of their design. The two following, in that of St. Saviour's at Norwich, are as good as any I have met with:

 'Janua, _Baptismus_; medio stat _Tæda jugalis_ Utroque es felix, _mors_ pia si sequitur. '"

Can any of your correspondents contribute other examples?

BURIENSIS. 

_Napoleon's Bees_ (Vol. Vii. , p. 535. ). --No one, I believe, havingaddressed you farther on the subject of the Napoleon Bees, the models ofwhich are stated to have been found in the tomb of Childeric when opened in1653, "of the purest gold, their wings being inlaid with a red stone, likea cornelian, " I beg to mention that the small ornaments resembling beesfound in the tomb of Childeric, were only what in French are called_fleurons_ (supposed to have been attached to the harness of hiswar-horse). Handfuls of them were found when the tomb was opened atTournay, and sent to Louis XIV. They were deposited on a green ground atVersailles. 

Napoleon wishing to have some regal emblem more ancient than the_fleur-de-lys_, adopted the _fleurons_ as bees, and the green ground as theoriginal Merovingian colour. 

This fact was related to me as unquestionable by Augustin Thierry, thecelebrated historian, when I was last in Paris. 

WM. EWART. 

University Club. 

 * * * * *

{31}

Queries. 

WAS THOMAS LORD LYTTELTON THE AUTHOR OF JUNIUS'S LETTERS?

In the _Quarterly Review_ for 1852 (vol. Xc. No. 179. ) appeared a cleverand speciously written article on the long debated question of the identityof Junius, in which the writer labours at great length to prove thatThomas, second Lord Lyttelton, who died in 1779, was the real substance ofthe shadow of Junius, hitherto sought in vain. That this Lord Lyttelton wasfully competent to the task, I do not doubt; and that there are many pointsin his character which may well be reconciled with the knowledge we possessof the imaginary Junius, I also admit--but this is all. The author of thereview has wholly failed, in my opinion, to prove his case and the remarkhe makes on Mr. Britton's theory (as to Col. Barré) may equally well applyto his own, namely, that it affords "a [another] curious instance of thedelusion to which ingenious men may resign themselves, when they have afavourite opinion to uphold!" The reviewer, indeed, admits that he has"traced the parallel from the scantiest materials;" and in another passagerepeats, that but "few materials exist for a sketch of Thomas Lyttelton'slife. " Of these materials used by the reviewer, the principal portion hasbeen derived from the two volumes of letters published in 1780 and 1782, attributed to Lord Lyttelton, but the authorship of which has since beenclaimed for William Coombe. The reviewer argues, that they are"substantially genuine;" but evidence, it is believed, exists to thecontrary. [1] According to Chalmers, these letters were "publicly disowned"by the executors of Lord Lyttelton; and this is confirmed by the notice inthe _Gentleman's Magazine_ for 1780, p. 138. , shortly after the publicationof the first volume. Putting aside, however, this moot-point (which, Itrust, will be taken up by abler hands, as it bears greatly on the theoryadvanced by the author of the _Review_), I proceed to another and moreconclusive line of argument. In the _Preliminary Essay_, prefixed toWoodfall's edition of Junius, 1812 (vol. I. P. *46. ), the followingstatement is made in regard to that writer, the accuracy of which willscarcely be doubted:

 "There is another point in the history of his life, during his appearance as a public writer, which must not be suffered to pass by without observation: and that is, _that during a great part of this time, from January 1769 to January 1772, he uniformly resided in London, or its immediate vicinity, and that he never quitted his stated habitation for a longer period than a few weeks. _"

Now, do the known facts of Thomas Lyttelton's life correspond with thisstatement or not? The reviewer says, p. 115. :

 "For a period of three years after Mr. Lyttelton lost his seat[2]--_that period during which Junius wrote his acknowledged compositions_--we hardly find a trace of him in any of the contemporaneous letters or memoirs that have fallen under our observation. "

But how is it, let me ask, that the author of the review has so studiouslyavoided all mention of one work, which would at once have furnished tracesof Thomas Lyttelton at this very period? I allude to the volume of _Poemsby a Young Nobleman of distinguished Abilities, lately deceased_, publishedby G. Kearsley: London, 1780, 4to. Does not this look much like the_suppressio veri_ which follows close on the footsteps of the _assertiofalsi_? It is hardly credible that the reviewer should not be acquaintedwith this book, for he refers to the lines spoken in 1765, at Stowe, in thecharacter of Queen Mab, which form part of its contents; and the existenceof the work is expressly pointed out by Chalmers, and noticed by Lowndes, Watt, and other bibliographers. Among the poems here published, are somewhich ought to have received a prominent notice from the author of thereview, if he had fairly stated the case. These are:

 1. Lines "to G----e Ed----d Ays----gh, Esq. , [George Edward Ayscough, cousin to Thomas Lyttelton] _from Venice, the 20th July, 1770_. "--P. 22. 

 2. "An Irregular Ode, _wrote at Vicenza, in Italy, the 20th of August, 1770_. "--P. 29. 

 3. "On Mr. ----, _at Venice, in J----, 1770_. "

 4. "An Invitation to Mrs. A----a D----, _wrote at Ghent in Flanders, the 23rd of March, 1769_. "--P. 41. 

 5. "_An Extempore, by Lord Lyttelton, in Italy, anno 1770_. "--P. 48. 

Admitting that these poems are genuine, it is evident that their author, Thomas Lyttelton, was abroad in Flanders and Italy during the years 1769and 1770; and consequently could not have been the mysterious Junius, whoin those years (particularly in 1769) was writing constantly in or nearLondon to Woodfall and the _Public Advertiser_. Of what value then is theassertion so confidently made by the reviewer (p. 133. ):

 "The position of Thomas Lyttelton in the five years from 1767 to 1772, is exactly such a one as it is reasonable to suppose that Junius held during the period of his writings;"

or how can it be made to agree with the fact of his residence on theContinent during the greater part of the time?

{32}

The reviewer, indeed, tells us that "just as Junius concluded his greatwork, Thomas Lyttelton returned to his father's house, and Chatham was oneof the first to congratulate Lord Lyttelton on the event. " This was inFebruary 1772; and in the _Chatham Correspondence_, vol. Iv. P. 195. , isLord Lyttelton's letter of thanks in reply. The reviewer would evidentlyhave it inferred, that Thomas Lyttelton had returned home like a prodigalson, after a temporary estrangement, and from a comparatively shortdistance; but surely, had the volume of _Poems_ been referred to, it mightor rather _must_ have occurred to a candid inquirer, that in February 1772Thomas Lyttelton returned from his _travels on the Continent, after anabsence of nearly three years_! But, perhaps, the authenticity of the_Poems_ may at once be boldly denied? Is this the case? Chalmers certainlyincludes them with the _Letters_, as having been "disowned" by Lord L. 'sexecutors; but says, "as to the _Poems_, they added, '_great part whereofare undoubtedly spurious_. '" It is certain, therefore, that _some_ of the_Poems_ are genuine; and it is a pity that the exceptions were notspecified, as the discussion might then have been confined within narrowerlimits. The editor of the _Poems_, in his address "To the Reader, " writesthus in vindication of them:

 "There is scarcely a line in the collection which does not bear testimony of its origin; the _places and dates_ are also strong corroborations to such of his friends as he corresponded with _on his last journey across the Alps_. His style was elegant, and his ideas so animated, that _spurious productions would be immediately detected_. "

This is the testimony of one who "had the honour of his friendship, whichterminated only with his death, " and is not to be lightly rejected. [3] Myown conviction is in favour of the authenticity of the whole; but, at allevents, I shall be able to offer undoubted evidence as to the genuinenessof part of the volume, and additional proof that the author was abroad atthe precise time when, if he were Junius, he must have resided in thiscountry. By Thomas Lord Lyttelton's will (dated Oct. 30, 1777), heappointed as his executors his brother-in-law Arthur Viscount Valentia, hisuncle William Henry Lord Westcote, and Wilson Aylesbury Roberts of Bewdley. To the latter he left all his "letters, verses, speeches, and writings, "with directions that, if published, it should be for his sole emolument. The important Query therefore at once arises, _what became of thesemanuscripts, and were they destroyed or preserved_?

The above Mr. Roberts was an intimate personal friend; and from his localinfluence as bailiff and deputy-recorder of Bewdley, had no doubtcontributed towards Thomas Lyttelton's return for that borough in 1768. Hisson continued to keep up a close connexion with the Valentia family atArley Hall[4]; and this fact, coupled with the close proximity of Bewdley, Arley, and Hagley, and the circumstance of the co-executorship of LordValentia and Mr. Roberts, would make us naturally look to the library atArley as a not unlikely place of deposit for Thomas Lyttelton's papers. This is not mere conjecture, and brings me immediately to the point atissue: for, at the sale of the Valentia Library at Arley Castle, inDecember last, a manuscript volume made its appearance in a lot with othersthus designated:

 "Original Diary of Travels [of Lord Valentia] 4 vols. ; Five Memorandum Books of Journeys and Travels; also _Two Old Folio Volumes of Original Poetic Pieces_. "

One of the folio volumes thus catalogued subsequently came into my hands, and is evidently one of the manuscripts left by Thomas Lord Lyttelton'swill to the care of Mr. Roberts, since it consists wholly of pieces inverse and prose of his composition, written either _in his own hand_, asrough draughts, or copied (apparently by a female scribe) and afterwards_corrected by himself_. Among the poetry in this MS. I find the greaterpart of the long poem printed in the edition of 1780, p. 1. , entitled "TheState of England in the year 2199, " which is without date in the MS. , butin the edition bears date March 21, 1771; as likewise the "Invitation toMiss Warb[u]rt[o]n, " edit. P. 35. , which appears in the MS. Without anyname; and the "Extempore Rhapsody, March 21, 1771, " edit. P. 37. , alsoundated in the MS. , but which supplies the name of "Yates, " expressed inthe edition by asterisks; and also six lines at the end, which were omittedin the edition on account of their indecency. There are several variationsin the manuscript, which prove that some other copy was followed by theprinter; and many typographical errors in the edition may hence becorrected. Besides these poems, the following pieces constitute the chiefcontents of this manuscript volume:

 Draughts of four letters _written by Thomas Lyttelton from Lyons, the first of which is dated September_ 10, 1769. 

 Heads of a series of Dialogues, in imitation of "Dialogues of the Dead, " by his father George, first Lord Lyttelton. 

 Poetical Fragments, imitated from Lucretius. 

 {33} Two letters addressed by Thomas Lyttelton to his father; and a third to "Dear George, " probably his cousin George Edward Ayscough. 

 Some Latin lines, not remarkable for their delicacy. 

 Political letter, _written from Milan_, by Thomas Lyttelton; in which indignant notice is taken of the commital of Brass Crossby, Lord Mayor, _which took place in March, 1771_. 

 Fragment of a poem on Superstition, and various other unfinished poetical scraps. 

 Private memoranda of expenses. 

 A page of writing in a fictitious or short-hand character, of which I can make nothing. 

 Remarks, in prose, on the polypus, priestcraft, &c. 

 Poem in French, of an amatory character. 

 Portion of a remarkable political letter, containing some bitter remarks by Thomas Lyttelton on the "first minister. " He ends thus: "The play now draws to a conclusion. I am guilty of a breach of trust in telling him so, but I shall [not] suffer by my indiscretion, for it is an absolute impossibility any man should divine who is the author of the letter signed ARUSPEX. "

It would appear from the water-mark in the paper of which this MS. Iscomposed, that it was procured in Italy; and there can be little or nodoubt it was used by Thomas Lyttelton as a draught-book, during his travelsthere in 1769-1771; during which period, nearly the whole of the contentsseem to have been written. The evidence afforded therefore by this volume, comes peculiarly in support of the dates and other circumstances put forthin the printed volume of _Poems_; and leads us inevitably to theconclusion, _that it was utterly impossible for Thomas Lyttelton to havehad any share in the Letters of Junius_. He has enough to answer for on thescore of his early profligacy and scepticism, without being dragged fromthe grave to be arraigned for the crime of deceit. His heart need not, according to the reviewer, be "stripped bare" by the scalpel of anyliterary anatomist; but he may be left to that quiet and oblivion which asepulchre in general bestows. Before I conclude these remarks (which I fearare too diffuse), I will venture to add a few words in regard to thesignature of Thomas Lord Lyttelton. In the _Chatham Correspondence_, aletter from him to Earl Temple is printed, vol. Iv. P. 348. , the signatureto which is printed LYTTLETON, and the editors point out in a note the"alteration adopted" in the spelling of the name; but it is altogether anerror, for the fac-simile of this signature in vol. Iv. P. 29. , as well ashis will in the Prerogative Court, prove that he wrote his name_Lyttelton_, in the same manner as his father and uncle. As to theresemblance pointed out by the author of the _Review_ between thehandwriting of Thomas Lyttelton and that of Junius, it exists only inimagination, since there is really no similitude whatever between them. 

Some Queries are now annexed, in reference to what has been abovediscussed:

1. In what publication or in what form did the executors of Thomas LordLyttelton disown the _Letters_ and _Poems_?

2. Is it known who was the editor of the _Poems_ published in 1780?

3. Can the present representative of the family of Roberts give any fartherinformation respecting Thomas Lord Lyttelton's manuscripts?

4. Lastly, Is any letter known to exist in the public journals of the years1770, 1771, under the signature of ARUSPEX?

F. MADDEN. 

British Museum. 

[Footnote 1: I have been unable to refer to these letters, as no copyexists in the British Museum library. ]

[Footnote 2: As M. P. For Bewdley. He was returned in 1768, and unseated inJanuary, 1769. ]

[Footnote 3: In the _Public Advertiser_ for January 1, 1779 [1780], appeared a notice of the _Poems_, said to have been "published yesterday;"and although two pieces are extracted at length, not a syllable of doubt isexpressed as to their genuineness. ]

[Footnote 4: The estate at Arley was left to the Hon. George Annesley(afterwards Earl of Mountnorris), son of Lord Valentia, by the will ofThomas Lord Lyttelton, and Mr. Roberts was one of the trustees appointed. ]

 * * * * *

Minor Queries. 

_Lord Chatham. _--I would suggest as a Query, whether Lord Chatham's famouscomparison of the Fox and Newcastle ministry to the confluence of the Rhoneand Saone at Lyons (_Speech_, Nov. 13, 1755), was not adapted from apassage in Lord Roscommon's _Essay on translated Verse_. Possibly LordChatham may have merely quoted the lines of Roscommon, and reporters mayhave converted his quotation into prose. Lord Chatham (then of course Mr. Pitt) is represented to have said:

 "_I remember_ at Lyons to have been carried to the conflux of the Rhone and the Soane: the one a gentle, feeble, languid stream, and, though languid, of no depth; the other, a boisterous and _impetuous_ torrent. "

Lord Roscommon says:

 "Thus _have I seen_ a rapid headlong tide, With foaming waves the passive Saone divide, Whose lazy waters without motion lay, While he, with eager force, urg'd his _impetuous_ way. "

W. EWART. 

University Club. 

_Slow-worm Superstition. _--Could any of your correspondents kindly informme whether there is any foundation for the superstition, that if aslow-worm be divided into two or more parts, those parts will continue tolive till sunset (life I suppose to mean that tremulous motion which thedivided parts, for some time after the cruel operation, continue to have), and whether it exists in any other country or county besides Sussex, inwhich county I first heard of it?

TOWER. 

_Tangiers_ (Vol. Vii. , p. 12. ). --I have not seen any opinion as to theseQueries. 

A. C. 

_Snail Gardens. _--What are the continental enclosures called snail gardens?

C. M. T. 

Oare. 

_Naples and the Campagna Felice. _--Who was the author of letters bearingthis title, which {34} originally appeared in Ackermann's _Repository_, andwere published in a collected form in 1815?

In a catalogue of Jno. Miller's (April, 1853), I see them attributed toCombe. 

Q. 

Philadelphia. 

"_The Land of Green Ginger_"--the name of a street in Hull. Can any of yourcorrespondents inform me why so called?

R. H. B. 

_Mugger. _--Why are the gipsies in the North of England called _Muggers?_ Isit because they sell mugs, and other articles of crockery, that in factbeing their general vocation? or may not the word be a corruption of_Maghrabee_, which is, I think, a foreign name given to this wanderingrace?

H. T. RILEY. 

_Snail-eating. _--Can any of your correspondents inform me in what part ofSurrey a breed of large white snails is still to be found, the first ofwhich were brought to this country from Italy, by a member, I think, of theArundel family, to gratify the palate of his wife, an Italian lady? I havesearched Britton and Brayley's History in vain. 

H. T. RILEY. 

_Mysterious Personage. _--Who is the mysterious personage, what is his realor assumed lineage, who has, not unfrequently, been alluded to in recentnewspaper articles as a legitimate Roman Catholic claimant of the Englishthrone? Of course I do not allude to those _pseudo_-Stuarts, the brothersHay Allan. 

W. PINKERTON. 

_George Wood of Chester. _--Of what family was George Wood, Esq. , Justice ofChester in the first year of the reign of Queen Elizabeth, 1558?

CESTRIENSIS. 

_A Scale of Vowel Sounds. _--Can any correspondent tell me if such scale hasanywhere been agreed on for scientific purposes? Researches into thephilosophy of philology are rendered excessively complex by the want ofsuch a scale, every different inquirer adopting a peculiar notation, whichis a study in itself, and which, after all, is unsatisfactory. I shouldfeel obliged by any reference to what has been done in this matter. 

E. C. 

_Seven Oaks and Nine Elms. _--Can any reader of "N. & Q. " inform me whetherthere is any old custom or superstition connected with Seven Oaks and NineElms, even to be traced as far back as the time of the Druids?

In some old grounds in Warwickshire there is a circle of nine oldelm-trees; and, besides the well-known Nine Elms at Vauxhall, and SevenOaks in Kent, there are several other places of the same names in England. 

J. S. A. 

Old Broad Street. 

_Murder of Monaldeschi. _--I will thank any of your correspondents who cangive me an account of the murder of Monaldeschi, equerry to Christina, Queen of Sweden. 

In the 2nd volume of Miss Pardoe's _Louis XIV_. (p. 177. ), Christina isstated to have visited the Court of France, and housed at Fontainebleau, where she had not long been an inmate ere the tragedy of Monaldeschi tookplace and in a letter to Mazarin she says, "Those who acquainted you withthe details regarding Monaldeschi were very ill-informed. "

T. C. T. 

_Governor Dameram. _--I should be glad of any particulars respecting theabove, who was Governor of Canada (I think) about the commencement of thepresent century. He had previously been the head of the commissariatdepartment in the continental expeditions. 

TEE BEE. 

_Ancient Arms of the See of York. _--Can any correspondent enlighten me asto the period, and why, the present arms were substituted for the ancientbearings of York? The modern coat is, Gu. Two keys in saltire arg. , inchief an imperial crown proper. The ancient coat was blazoned, Az. Anepiscopal staff in pale or, and ensigned with a cross patée arg. , surmounted by a pall of the last, edged and fringed of the second, chargedwith six crosses formée fitchée sa. , and differed only from that ofCanterbury in the number of crosses formée fitchée with which the pall wascharged. 

TEE BEE. 

_Hupfeld. _--Can any correspondent of "N. & Q. " tell me where I can seeHupfeld, _Von der Natur und den Arten der Sprachlaute_, which is quoted byseveral German authors? It appeared in Jahn's _Jahrb. Der Philol. UndPäd. _, 1829. If no correspondent can refer me to any place where the papercan be seen in London, perhaps they can direct me to some account of itssubstance in some English publication. 

E. C. 

_Inscription on a Tomb in Finland. _--Can any reader of "N. & Q. " explainthe meaning of the following inscription?

 "IETATIS IN SUBDITOS MARTYRI . `IET:S CONIUGALIS :: :::IV. "

It appears on an old monument of considerable size in a Finnishburial-ground at Martishkin near Peterhoff on the Gulf of Finland. Theletters are in brass on a stone slab. The dots before the IV. , and in theother word, are holes in the stone wherein the missing characters had beenfixed. 

J. S. A. 

Old Broad Street. 

_Sir Isaac Newton and Voltaire on Railway Travelling. _--Having beenforcibly impressed by a {35} paragraph in a popular periodical (_TheLeisure Hour_, No. 72. ), I am desirous of learning upon what authority thestatements therein depend. As, perhaps, it may also prove interesting tosome of the readers of "N. & Q. " who may not already have seen it, and inthe hope that some of your contributors may be able to throw a light uponso curious a subject, I herewith transcribe it:

 "_Sir Isaac Newton and Voltaire on Railway Travelling. _--Sir Isaac Newton wrote a work upon the prophet Daniel, and another upon the book of Revelation, in one of which he said that in order to fulfil certain prophecies before a certain date was terminated, namely, 1260 years, there would be a mode of travelling of which the men of his time had no conception; nay, that the knowledge of mankind would be so increased, that they would be able to travel at the rate of fifty miles an hour. Voltaire, who did not believe in the inspiration of the scriptures, got hold of this, and said 'Now look at that mighty mind of Newton, who discovered gravity, and told us such marvels for us all to admire. When he became an old man, and got into his dotage, he began to study that book called the Bible; and it seems, that in order to credit its fabulous nonsense, we must believe that the knowledge of mankind will be so increased that we shall be able to travel at the rate of fifty miles an hour. The poor dotard!' exclaimed the philosophic infidel Voltaire, in the self-complacency of his pity. But who is the dotard now?--_Rev. J. Craig. _"

The Query I would more particularly ask is (presuming the accuracy of theassertions), What is the prophecy so wonderfully fulfilled?

R. W. 

_Tom Thumb's House at Gonerby, Lincolnshire. _--On the south-west side ofthe tower of the church of Great Gonerby, Lincolnshire, is a curiouscornice representing a house with a door in the centre, an oriel window, &c. , which is popularly called "Tom Thumb's Castle. " I have a smallengraving of it ("W. T. Del. 1820, R. R. Sculpt. "): and a pencil statesthat on the same tower are other "curious carvings. "

I would ask, therefore, Why carved? From what event or occasion? For whom?Why called "Tom Thumb's House?" And what are the other curious carvings?

G. CREED. 

_Mr. Payne Collier's Monovolume Shakspeare. _--I should be extremely obligedto MR. COLLIER, if he would kindly give me a public reply to the followingquestion. 

The express terms of the publication of his monovolune edition ofShakspeare, as advertised, were--

 "The text regulated by the _old copies_, and by the _recently discovered folio of 1632_. "

These terms manifestly exclude corrections from any other source than thoseof _collation of the old copies_, and the _MS. Corrections_ of the folio of1632. 

Now the text of MR. COLLIER'S monovolume reprint contains many of theemendations of the commentators _not_ referred to in _Notes andEmendations_. For example: in _The Taming of the Shrew_, where Biondelloruns in to announce the coming down the hill of the "ancient angel"(changed by the corrector into _ambler_), two other alterations in the samesentence appear without explanation in the _regulated text_, namely, _mercatante_ substituted by Steevens for "marcantant" of the folios; and_surely_ in lieu of "surly, " which latter is the word of _the folio of1632_. 

I now ask MR. COLLIER, on what authority were these emendations adopted?

C. MANSFIELD INGLEBY. 

Birmingham. 

 * * * * *

Replies. 

WILD PLANTS AND THEIR NAMES. 

(Vol. Vii. , pp. 175. 233. )

Perhaps the following may prove of some use to ENIVRI, in reply to hisQuery respecting the names of certain wild flowers. 

1. Shepherd's Purse (_Bursa pastoris_). "Sic dict. A folliculis seminum, qui crumenulam referre videntur. " Also called Poor Man's Parmacitty, "Quiaad contusos et casu afflictos instar spermatis ceti utile est. " Also St. James's Wort, "Quia circa ejus festum florescit, " July 28th. Also calledPick-purse. 

2. Eye-bright, according to Skinner (_Euphrasia_), Teut. _Augentrost_;"Oculorum solamen, quia visum eximiè acuit. " Fluellin (_Veronica femina_), "Forte a Leolino aliquo Cambro-Brit. Ejus inventore. "

3. Pass Wort, or Palsy Wort (_Primula veris_). "Herba paralyseos. "

4. Guelder Rose (_Sambucus rosea_). "Quia ex Gueldriâ huc translata est. "Gueldria is, or rather was, a colony, founded by the Hollanders, on thecoast of Coromandel. 

5. Ladies' Tresses, a corruption of _traces_. A kind of orchis, and used, with its various appellations, "sensu obsc. "

6. The Kentish term _Gazel_ is not improbably the same as _Gale_, which, Skinner says, is from the A. -S. _Gagel_ (_Myrtus brabantica_). 

7. Stitch Wort (_Gramen leucanthemum_, alias _Holostium pumilum_). "Sicdict. Quia ad dolores laterum punctorios multum prodesse creditur. "

8. The term _Knappert_, for Bitter Vetch, is probably a corruption of KnapWort, the first syllable of which, as in Knap Weed and Knap Bottle, isderived from the sound or snap emitted by it when struck in the hollow ofthe hand. 

9. Charlock (_Rapum sylvestre_); Anglo-Saxon _Cerlice_. {36}

10. London Pride or Tufts (_Armeria prolifera_). "Sic dict. Quia florespropter pulchritudinem Londini valdè expetuntur. " (?)

11. Avens; also Herb Bennet (_Caryophyllata_). Skinner says, "HerbaBenedicta ab insigni radicis vulnerariâ vi. " (?)

12. Mill Mountain, or Purge Flax (_Linum sylvestre catharticum_, or_Chamælinum_). "Montibus gaudet. "

13. Jack of the Buttery. "_Sedi_ species sic dict. Quia in tecto galacteriicrescit. " Pricket: "a sapore acri. "

14. Cudweed or Cotton Weed; Live-long. "Quia planta perennis est. "

15. Sun Spurge. "Quia flores ad ortum solis se aperiunt. " Churn Staff, fromits similarity. 

16. Welcome to our House (_Tithymalus Cyparissias_). "Ob pulchritudinemsuam omnibus expetitus. "

17. Ruddes (_Fl. Calendulæ_). "A colore aureo. " Wild or Corn Marigold. "Q. D. Aurum Mariæ, a colore sc. Floris luteo. " Gouls or Goulans, with ahalf-suppressed _d_, may very well be supposed to indicate its naturalname--Gold. Another name of this plant is Lockron, or Locker Goulans. 

18. Spurry (_Spergula_). "Sic dict. Quia folia ejus octo, angusta, stelliformia, radios calcaris satis exactè referunt. "

19. Mercury Goose-foot. Probably a goose-foot resembling Mercury(_Mercurialis_), a herb concerning which Skinner doubts, but suggests, "Quia Mercurio, ut ceteræ omnes plantæ planetis, appropriata sit. " Anothername is Good Henry, --I find not Good _King_ Henry--(_Lapathum unctuosum_), "A commodo ejus usu in enematis. " It is also called All-good, forasmuch asit is useful, not only for its medicinal qualities, but also in supplyingthe table with a substitute for other vegetables, such as asparagus. 

A plant termed in this country Gang Flower is the same as Rogation Flower, recalling the perambulation of parishes on one of those days. There is avast fund of interesting matter in these old names of wild flowers (mixedup, of course, with much that is trifling); and I cordially agree with yourcorrespondent, that it is well worth a steady effort to rescue thefast-fading traditions relating to them. It must be confessed, however, that the obstacles in the way of tracing the original meaning and supposedvirtues, will in many instances be found very great, arising principallyfrom the fanciful translations and corruptions which our ancestors made ofthe old names. Take, for instance, the following:

Loose Strife or Herb Willow, from _Lysimachia_, the original beingundoubtedly a man's name, Lysimachus. 

Ale-hoof (_Hedera terrestris_). Anglo-Saxon _Al behófian_. "Herba [Greek:panchrêstos], ad multos usus efficacissima. "

Herb Ambrose has a Greek origin, [Greek: ambrotos], and is not indebted tothe saint of that name. 

Comfrey or Cumfrey. "Herba vulnera _conferruminans_;" good for joining theedges of a wound. 

Calathian Violets. Simply cupped violets, from [Greek: kalathos]. 

Brank Ursin (_Acanthus_). "It. Brancha, unguis ursinus. "

Blood Strange; properly, _String_. To stanch. 

Bertram. A corruption of [Greek: purethron] (_Pyrethrum_). 

Spreusidany, Hair-strong, Sulphur Wort. Corrupted from _Peucedanum_. 

Pell-a-mountain, Wild Thyme. From _Serpyllum montanum_. 

Faceless. From _Phaseolus_, dim. Of _Phaselus_; so called from its shallopshape. 

Stick-a-dove, French Lavender. From [Greek: stoichas, stoichados], _Stoechas_; so called from the regularity of the petals. 

Such instances might be multiplied to almost any extent. 

There is, doubtless, a good deal of scattered information respecting oldEnglish wild flowers to be met with, not only in books, but also among ourrural population, stored up by village sages. Contributions of thisdescription would surely be welcome in "N. & Q. "

H. C. K. 

---- Rectory, Hereford. 

Herbs of all kinds were, some two hundred years ago, esteemed of much valueas medicine; for in a curious, and I believe rather scarce, pharmacopoeiaby Wm. Salmon, date 1693, I find some 414 pages devoted to their uses. Thispharmacopoeia, or _Compleat English Physician_, was dedicated to Mary, second Queen of England, Scotland, France, Ireland, &c. , and appears tohave been the first. The preface says "it was the first of that kind extantin the world, a subject for which we have no precedent. "

 "I have not trusted, " he says, "to the reports of authors, but have wrote as an eye-witness in describing most things therein; and it is nothing but what I know and have learnt by daily experience for thirty years together, so that my prescriptions may in some measure plead a privilege above the performances of other men. "

1. _Capsella_ (_Bursa pastoris_) he describes as cold 1^o, and dry in 2^o, binding and astringent. Good against spitting of blood or hæmorrhage of thenose, and other fluxes of the bowels. The leaves, of which [dr. ]j. Inpowder may be given. The juice inspissate, drunk with wine, helps ague. Acataplasm applied in inflammations, Anthony's fire, &c. , represses them. 

2. _Veronica Chamædrys_ he calls _Euphrasia_, _Euphrosunee_, and says it ismuch commended by Arnoldus de Villa Nova, who asserts that it not onlyhelps dimness of the sight, but the use of it {37} makes old men to readsmall letters without spectacles, who could scarcely read great letterswith spectacles before; but that it did restore their sight who had been along time blind. Truly a most wonderful plant; and, if he freely used it, must have been a great drawback to spectacle-makers. 

3. _Primula veris_, he says, more properly belongs to the primrose thancowslip. The root is haumatic, and helps pains in the back. The herb iscephalic, neurotic, and arthritic. The juice or essence, with spirits ofwine, stops all manner of fluxes, is excellent against palsy, gout, andpains, and distempers of the nerves and joints. A cataplasm of the juice, with rye meal, is good against luxations and ruptures. The flowers are goodagainst palsy, numbness, convulsions, and cramps, being given in asulphurous or a saline tincture, or an oily tincture, or an essence of thejuice with spirits of wine. The juice of the flowers, or an ointment of the_flower_ or its juice, cleanses the skin from spots, though the worthy oldphysician only gives a receipt for making essence as follows: Beat thewhole plant well in a mortar; add to it an equal quantity of brandy orspirits of wine; close up tight in a large bolt-head, and set it to digestin a very gentle sand-heat for three months. Strain out all the liquor, which close up in a bolt-head again, and digest in a gentle sand-heat fortwo months more. Rather a troublesome and slow process this. 

4. _Geum urbanum_ he calls _Caryophyllata_, _Herba benedicta_, and _GeumPlinii_, and should be gathered, he says, in the middle of March, for thenit smells sweetest, and is most aromatic. Hot and dry in the 2^o, binding, strengthening, discussive, cephalic, neurotic, and cardiac. Is a goodpreservative against epidemic and contagious disease; helps digestion. Thepowder of the root, dose [dr. ]j. The decoction, in wine, stops spitting ofblood, dose [dr. ]ss to [dr. ]jss. The saline tincture opens all obstructionsof the viscera, dose [dr. ]j to [dr. ]iij. 

Should ENIVRI wish to know the medical virtues of our wild plants, I haveno doubt but that this worthy old physician will tell him what virtues theywere considered to possess in his day, at least by himself; and I canassure him that 1195 of the _English Physician's_ pages ascribe marvellousproperties, not only to plants, but to animals, fish, and even the bones ofa stag's heart. 

R. J. SHAW. 

 * * * * *

JACOB BOBART. 

(Vol. Vii. , pp. 428. 578. )

I am exceedingly obliged for the information afforded by DR. E. F. RIMBAULTconcerning the Bobarts. Can he give me any more communication concerningthem? I am anxious to learn all I can. I have old Jacob Bobart's signature, bearing date 1659, in which he spells his name with an _e_ instead of _a_, which seems to have been altered to an _a_ by his son Jacob. 

In _Vertumnus_ it says Bobart's _Hortes Siccus_ was in twenty volumes; butthe _Oxford Botanic Garden Guide_ only mentions twelve quarto volumes:which is correct, and where is it? In one of my copies of _Vertumnus_, ascrap of paper is fixed to p. 29. , and the following is written upon it:

 "The Hortus Siccus here alluded to was sold at the Rev. Mr. Hodgkinson's sale at Sarsden, to Mrs. De Salis, wife of Dr. De Salis. "

Is there any pedigree of the family?

In a letter of Jno. Ray's to Mr. Aubrey is the following:

 "I am glad that Mr. Bobart hath been so diligent in observing and making a collection of insects. "

Is there any collection extant?

 "He may give me much assistance in my intended Synopsis of our English Animals, and contribute much to the perfecting of it. "

Did he do so?

Is the print of old Jacob Bobart, by W. Richardson, _valuable_?

Where can I pick up a print of him by Loggan del. , Burghers sculp. ? Thereis a portrait of Jacob Bobart the younger in _Oxford Almanack_ for 1719;can I procure it?

H. T. BOBART. 

 * * * * *

HERALDIC QUERIES. 

(Vol. Vii. , p. 571. )

CEYREP is informed, 1st, That a shield in the form of a lozenge wasappropriated exclusively to females, both spinsters and widows, in order todistinguish the sex of the bearer of a coat of arms. It is of doubtfulorigin, though supposed, from the form, to symbolise the spindle with yarnwound round it; of good authority, and not of very modern date. Manyinstances may be seen in Fuller, in the coats of arms appended to thededications of the various chapters of his _Church History_. In sect. Ii. Book vi. P. 282. Ed. 1655, he has separated the coats of man and wife, andplaced them side by side; that of the latter upon a lozenge-shapedshield--Party per pale arg. And gules, two eagles displayed, counterchanged. 

2ndly, No one has a right to inscribe a motto upon a garter or riband, except those dignified with one of the various orders of knighthood. Forany other person to do so, is a silly assumption. The motto should be upona scroll, either over the crest, or beneath the shield. 

3rdly, I cannot find that it was ever the custom in this country forecclesiastics to bear their paternal coat on an oval or circular shield. Forbidden, as they were, by the first council of {38} Mascon, Bingham, vi. 421. , in the Excerptions of Ecgbright, A. D. 740, Item 154. , and theConstitutions of Othobon, A. D. 1268, can. 4. , to bear arms for the purposesof warfare, it is a question whether any below the episcopal order ought, in strict right, to display any armorial ensigns at all. Archbishops andbishops bear the arms of their sees impaled (as of their spouse) with theirown paternal coats; the latter probably only in right of their baronies. Itis worthy of remark that, since the Reformation, and consequent marriage ofbishops, there has been no official decision as to the bearing the arms oftheir wives, nor has any precedence been granted to the latter. 

H. C. K. 

---- Rectory, Hereford. 

 * * * * *

DOOR-HEAD INSCRIPTIONS. 

(Vol. Vii. , pp. 23. 190. 585. )

A few years ago I copied the following inscription from over the door ofthe residence of a parish priest at Cologne:

 "Protege Deus parochiam hanc propter Te et S. S. Tuum, sicut protexisti Jerusalem propter Te et David servum tuum. IV Reg. Xx. 6. A. D. 1787. "

From the gateway leading into the Villa Borghese, just outside of the"Porta del Popolo, " at Rome, I copied the following:

 "Villæ Burghesiæ Pincianæ Custos hæc edico. Quisquis es, si liber legum compedes ne hic timeas. Ite quo voles, carpite quæ voles, Abite quando voles. Exteris magis hæc parantur quam hero. In aureo sæculo ubi cuncta aurea temporum securitas fecit bene morato: Hospiti ferreas leges præfigere herus velat. Sit hic pro amico, pro lege honesta voluntas. Verum si quis dolo malo, lubens, sciens aureas urbanitatis leges fregerit, Caveat ne sibi Tesseram amicitiæ subiratus villicus advorsum frangat. "

On the entrance into the Villa Medici are the two following:

 "Aditurus hortos hospes, in summo ut vides colle hortulorum consitos, si forte quid audes probare, scire debes hos hero herique amicis esse apertos omnibus. "

 "Ingressurus hospes hosce quos ingentibus instruxit hortos sumptibus suis Medices Fernandus expleare visendo licet: atque his fruendo plura Velle nondecet. "

The following I copied from a gateway leading into a vineyard near thechurch of San Eusebio, at Rome:

 "Tria sunt mirabilia; Trinus et unus, Deus et homo, Virgo et mater. "

CEYREP. 

 * * * * *

CONSECRATED ROSES. 

(Vol. Vii. , pp. 407. 480. )

I forward the accompanying observations on the origin of the Rosa d'Oro, incompliance with the request contained at page 480. Of the 185th No. Of "N. & Q. , " in case they should not have come under your observation. They areto be found in _Histoire de Lorraine_, par R. P. Dom. Calmet: Nancy, 1745. 

 "Le troisième monastère fondé par les parens de St. Leon est l'Abbaye de Volfenheim, à deux lieues de Colmar, vers le Midi, et à deux lieues environs d'Egesheim, château des Comtes de Dasbourg, aujourd'hui (1745) inhabité, mais bien remarquable par ces vastes ruines, sur le sommet des montagnes qui dominent sur l'Alsace. 

 "Volfenheim étoit un village considérable, à une lieue et demi de Colmar. On voie encore aujourd'hui à une demi lieue de Sainte Croix dans les champs, l'église qui lui servoit autrefois de paroisse. L'abbaye étoit à quelque distance de là, au lieu où est aujourd'hui le bourg de Sainte Croix. 

 "Volfenheim ayant étoit [_Quære_, été] ruiné par les guerres, les habitans se sont insensiblement établis autour de l'abbaye, ce qui a formé un bon bourg, connu sous le nom de Sainte Croix; parceque l'abbaye étoit consacrée sous cette invocation. Le Pape Leon IX. , dans la Bulle qu'il donna à ce monastère la première année de son pontificat, de J. C. 1049, nous apprend qu'il avoit été fondé par son père Hughes et sa mère Heilioilgdis, et ses frères Gerard et Hugues, qui étoient déjà décédés; il ajoûte que ce lieu lui étoit tombé par droit de succession; il le met sous la protection spéciale du Saint Siége, en sorte que nulle personne, de quelque qualité qu'elle soit, n'y exerce aucune autorité, mais qu'il jouisse d'une pleine liberté, et que l'abbesse et les religieuses puissent employer quelque evêque ils jugeroient apropos pour les bénédictions d'autels, et autres fonctions qui regardent le ministère épiscopal: que son neveu, le Comte Henri Seigneur d'Egesheim, en soit la voue, et après lui, l'aîné des Seigneurs d'Egesheim à perpétuité. 

 "Que si cette race vient à manquer, l'abbesse et le couvent choisiront quelque autre de la parenté de ces {39} seigneurs, afin que l'avocatie ne soit pas de leur race, et qu'après la mort de Kuentza, qui en étoit abbesse, et à qui le Pape avoit donné la bénédiction abbatiale, les religieuses choisissent de leur communauté, ou d'ailleurs, celle qui leur paroîtra la plus propre, reservant toujours au Pape le droit de la bénir. Et en reconnaissance d'un privilège si singulier, l'abbesse donnera tous les ans au Saint Siége une Rose d'Or du poids de deux onces Romaines. Elle l'envoyera toute faite, ou en envoyera la matière préparée, de telle sorte qu'elle soit rendue au Pape huit jours auparavant qu'il la porte, c'est-à-dire, le Dimanche de Carême, où l'on chante à l'Introite, 'Oculi mei semper ad Dominum;' afin qu'il puisse bénir au Dimanche 'Lætare, ' qui est le quatrième du Carême. Telle est l'origine de la Rose d'Or, que le Pape bénit encore aujourd'hui le quatrième Dimanche de Carême, nommé 'Lætare, ' et qu'il envoye à quelque prince pour marque d'estime et de bienveillance. Ce jour-là, la station se fait à Sainte Croix de Jérusalem. Le Pape, accompagné des cardinaux, vetûs de couleur de rose, marche en cavalcade à l'eglise, tenant la Rose d'Or à la main. Il la porte, allant à l'autel, chargé de baume et de mare. Il la quitte au 'Confiteor, ' et la reprend après 'l'Introite. ' Il en fait la Bénédiction, et après l'Evangile, il monte en chaise et explique les propriétés de la rose. Après la Messe il retourne en cavalcade à son palais, ayant toujours la Rose en main et la couronne sur la tête. On appelle ce Dimanche 'Pascha rosata, ' ou 'Lætare. '

 "Nous avons encore un sermon du Pape Innocent III. , composé en cette occasion, an commencement du treizième siècle. Le Pape Nicholas IV. , en 1290, dans le dénombrement qu'il fait des églises qui doivent des redevances à l'église de Rome, met le monastère de Sainte Croix, diocèse de Basle, qui doit deux onces d'or pour la Rose d'Or, qui se bénit au Dimanche Lætere, Jérusalem. "

P. P. P. 

 * * * * *

NOTES ON SERPENTS. 

(Vol. Ii. , p. 130. ; Vol. Vi. , p. 177. --Vol. Iii. , p. 490. ; Vol. Vi. , pp. 42. 147. )

Loskiel, in his account of the Moravian missions to the North AmericanIndians[5], tells us that, --

 "The Indians are remarkably skilled in curing the bite of venomous serpents, and have found a medicine peculiarly adapted to the bite of each species. For example, the leaf of the Rattlesnake-root (_Polygala senega_) is the most efficacious remedy against the bite of this dreadful animal. God has mercifully granted it to grow in the greatest plenty in all parts most infested by the rattlesnake. It is very remarkable that this herb acquires its greatest perfection just at the time when the bite of these serpents is the most dangerous. .. . Virginian Snake-root (_Aristolochia serpentaria_) chewed, makes also an excellent poultice for wounds of this sort. .. . The fat of the serpent itself, rubbed into the wound, is thought to be efficacious. The flesh of the rattlesnake, dried and boiled to a broth, is said to be more nourishing than that of the viper, and of service in consumptions. Their gall is likewise used as medicine. "--P. 146. 

Pigs are excepted from the dreadful effects of their bite; they will evenattack and eat them. It is said that, _if a rattlesnake is irritated andcannot be revenged, it bites itself, and dies in a few hours_:

 "Wird dieses Thier zornig gemacht, und es kann sich nicht rächen, so beiszt es sich selbst, und in wenig Stunden ist es todt. "--P. 113. [6]

 "I have seen some of our Canadians eat these rattlesnakes repeatedly. The flesh is very white, and they assured me had a delicious taste. Their manner of dressing them is very simple. .. . Great caution, however, is required in killing a snake for eating; for if the first blow fails, or only partially stuns him, _he instantly bites himself in different parts of the body, which thereby become poisoned_, and would prove fatal to any person who should partake of it. "--Cox's _Adv. On the Columbia River_: Lond. 1832, p. 74. 

 "Dr. Fordyce knew the black servant of an Indian merchant in America, who was fond of soup made of rattlesnakes, in which he always boiled the head along with the rest of the animal, without any regard to the poisons. "--Rees's _Cyclopædia_. 

 "There is a religious sect in Africa, not far from Algiers, which eat the most venomous serpents _alive_; and certainly, it is said, without extracting their fangs. They declare they enjoy the privilege from their founder. The creatures writhe and struggle between their teeth; but possibly, if they do bite them, the bite is innocuous. "

Mrs. Crowe, in the concluding chapter of her _Night-side of Nature_, givesthe testimony of an eye-witness to "the singular phenomenon to be observedby placing a scorpion and a mouse together under a glass. "

 "It is known that _stags renew their age by eating serpents_; so the phoenix is restored by the nest of spices she makes to burn in. The pelican hath the same virtue, whose right foot, if it be put under hot dung, after three months a pelican will be bred from it. Wherefore some physicians, with some confections made of _a viper_ and hellebore, and of some of the flesh of these creatures, _do promise to restore youth, and sometimes they do it_. "[7]

On reading any of our old herbalists, one would imagine that serpents (andthose of the worst kind) abounded in "Merrie Englande, " and that they werethe greatest bane of our lives. It is {40} hard to stumble on a plant thatis not an antidote to the bite of serpents. Our old herbals were compiled, however, almost entirely from the writings of the ancients, and fromforeign sources. The ancients had a curious notion relative to the plantBasil (_Oscimum basilicum_), viz. , "That there is a property in Basil topropagate scorpions, and that the smell thereof they are bred in the brainsof men. " Others deny this wonderful property, and make Basil a simpleantidote. 

 "According unto Oribasius, physician unto Julian, the Africans, men best experienced in poisons, affirm, whosoever hath eaten Basil, although he be stung with a scorpion, shall feel no pain thereby, which is a very different effect, and rather antidotally destroying than seminally promoting its production. "--Sir Thomas Browne, _Vulgar Errors. _

An old writer gives the following anecdote in point:

 "Francis Marcio, an eminent statesman of Genoa, having sent an ambassador from that republic to the Duke of Milan, when he could neither procure an audience of leave from that prince, nor yet prevail with him to ratify his promises made to the Genoese, taking a fit opportunity, presented a handful of the herb Basil to the duke. The duke, somewhat surprised, asked what that meant? 'Sir, ' replied the ambassador, 'this herb is of that nature, that if you handle it gently without squeezing, it will emit a pleasant and grateful scent; but if you squeeze and gripe it, 'twill not only lose its colour, but it _will become productive of scorpions_ in a little time. "--_The Entertainer_: London, 1717, p. 23. 

Pliny tells us that a decoction from the leaves of the ash tree, given as adrink, is such a remedy that "nothing so soveraigne can be found againstthe poison of serpents;" and farther:

 "That a _serpent dare not come neare the shaddow of that tree_. The serpent will chuse rather to goe into the fire than to flie from it to the leaves of the ash. A wonderful goodnesse of Dame Nature, that the ash doth bloome and flourish alwaies before that serpents come abroad, and never sheddeth leaves, but continueth green untill they be retired into their holes, and hidden within the ground. "

The ancient opinion respecting the rooted antipathy between the ash and theserpent is not to be explained merely by the fact in natural history of itsbeing an antidote, but it has a deeply mythical meaning. See, in the _ProseEdda_, the account of the ash Yggdrasill, and the serpents gnawing itsroots. Loskiel corroborates Pliny as to the ash being an antidote:

 "A decoction of the buds or bark of the white ash (_Fraxinus carolina_) taken inwardly is said to be a certain remedy against the effects of poison, " _i. E. _ of the rattlesnake. 

Serpents afford Pliny a theme for inexhaustible wonders. The strangest ofhis relations perhaps is where he tells us that serpents, "when they havestung or bitten a man, die for very greefe and sorrow that they have donesuch a mischeefe. " He makes a special exception, however, of the murderoussalamander, who has no such "pricke and remorse of conscience, " but would"destroy whole nations at one time, " if not prevented. In this same book(xxix. ) he gives a receipt for making the famous _theriacum_, or treacle, of vipers' flesh. Another strange notion of the ancients was "that themarrow of a man's backe bone will breed to a snake" (_Hist. Nat. _, x. 66. ). This perhaps, originally, had a mystic meaning; for a great proportion ofthe innumerable serpent stories have a deeper foundation than a credulousfancy or lively imagination. 

Take, for instance, the wide-spread legend of the sea-serpent. Mr. Deanesays, --

 "The superstition of 'the serpent in the sea' was known to the Chinese, as we observed in the chapter on the 'Serpent-worship of China. ' But it was doubtless, at one time, a very general superstition among the heathens, for we find it mentioned by Isaiah, ch. Xxvii. 1. , 'In that day the Lord, with his sore and great and strong sword, shall punish Leviathan the piercing serpent, even Leviathan that crooked serpent: and He shall slay _the dragon that is in the sea_. '"

In _Blackwood's Magazine_, vol. Ii. P. 645. , vol. Iv. Pp. 33. 205. , may befound some interesting papers on the "Scrakin, or Great Sea Serpent. "

Mr. Deane's _Worship of the Serpent_ (London, 1830); and _The Cross and theSerpent_, by the Rev. Wm. Haslam (London, 1849), are noble works both ofthem, and ought to be in the hands of every Christian scholar. In these twowords, "Cross" and "Serpent, " we have an epitome of the history of theworld and the human race, as well as the ground-work for all our hopes andfears. In them are bound up the highest mysteries, the truest symbolism, the deepest realities, and our nearest and dearest interests. 

Lord Bacon thus narrates the classical fable which accounts for theserpent's being gifted with the power of restoring youth:

 "The gods, in a merry mood, granted unto men not only the use of fire, but _perpetual youth_ also, a boon most acceptable and desirable. They being as it were overjoyed, did foolishly lay this gift of the gods upon the back of an ass, who, being wonderfully oppressed with thirst and near a fountain, was told by a serpent (which had the custody thereof) that he should not drink unless he would promise to give him the burthen that was on his back. The silly ass accepted the condition, and _so the restoration of youth_ (_sold for a draught of water_) _passed from men to serpents. _"--_The Wisdom of the Ancients_ (Prometheus, xxvi. ). 

That this, as well as the whole of the legend relating to Prometheus, is aconfused account of an early tradition relative to the Fall of Man, and hisforfeiture of immortality, is obvious to any {41} unprejudiced mind. LordBacon's explanation shows that he has been overreached by his fancy andingenuity. 

In all the ancient mysteries, the serpent was more or less conspicuouslyintroduced, and always as a symbol of the invigorating or active power ofnature. The serpent was an emblem of the sun. _Solar_, _Phallic_, and_Serpent_ worship, are all forms of a single worship. [8] The Hindu _Boodh_, Chinese _Fo_, Egyptian _Osiris_, Northern _Woden_, Mexican _Quetzalcoatl_(feathered serpent), are one and the same. (See the _American ArchæologicalResearches_, No. 1. ; _The Serpent Symbol, and the Worship of the ReciprocalPrinciples of Nature in America_, by E. G. Squier: New York, 1851. )

In Hindostan, to this day, we have the _Chaudravanasas_ and the_Snaryavanasas_, worshippers of the moon, the aqueous or female; and of thesun, the igneous or male principle. The _Saivas_ conjoin the two. ClemensAlexandrinus has a curious remark, referring to the calling on _Evoe_ or_Eva_ in the orgies of Bacchus; he says:

 "The symbol in the orgies of Bacchus is a consecrated _serpent_; and, indeed, if we pay attention to the strict sense of the Hebrew, the name _Evia_, aspirated, signifies _female serpent_. "

In my list of saints who are represented with a dragon or serpent beneaththeir feet, I omitted St. Hilary:

 "He is usually represented with three books. In Callot's _Images_ he is treading on serpents, and accompanied by the text Numb. Xxi. 7. Both these emblems allude to his opposition to Arianism; the books signifying the treatises he wrote against it, and the serpents the false doctrines and heresies which he overthrew. " _Calendar of the Anglican Church Illustrated_: London, 1851, p. 37. 

In Didron's splendid work (the _Iconographie_) we have several referencesto ancient representations of our blessed Lord treading the dragon underfoot; and sometimes the lion, the asp, and the basilisk are added. (See Ps. Xci. 13. )

_The Conception_ is usually represented in Christian art by a figure ofMary setting her foot, as second Eve, on the head of the prostrate serpent(in allusion to Gen. Iii. 15. ), and thus we find it in Callot's _Images_. 

 "Not seldom, in a series of subjects from the Old Testament, the pendant to Eve holding the apple is Mary crushing the head of the fiend: and thus the bane and antidote are both before us. " (See Mrs. Jameson's _Legends of the Madonna. _)

EIRIONNACH. 

[Footnote 5: The title of this curious book is, _Geschichte der Mission derevangelischen Brüder unter den Indianern in Nordamerika_, durch Georg H. Loskiel: Barby, 1789, 8vo. , pp. 783. Latrobe's translation of this book waspublished Lond. 1794. ]

[Footnote 6: This reminds one of the notion respecting

 "The scorpion girt with fire, "

immortalised by Lord Byron's famous simile. ]

[Footnote 7: _Eighteen Books of the Secrets of Art and Nature; being theSumme and Substance of Naturall Philosophy methodically digested_: London, 1661. ]

[Footnote 8: In O'Brien's work on _The Round Towers of Ireland_, London, 1834, may be found much curious matter on this subject; and a good deal oflight is thrown on the horrors of Serpent or Boodhist worship. It is, however, a wild and irreverent book, and by no means to be recommended tothe general reader, independently of the nature of its details. Mr. PayneKnight's book is too well known to need mention here. ]

 * * * * *

PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE. 

_Early Notice of the Camera Obscura. _--I send you an early notice of thecamera obscura, which is to be found in vol. Vi. Of the _Nouvelles de laRépublique des Lettres_ for September, 1686, p. 1016. It is taken from aletter of Mons. Laurenti, médecin, of Boulogne, "Sur l'érection des espècesdans une chambre optique. "

 "C'est ainsi qu'on nomme one chambre exactement fermée partout, si ce n'est dans un endroit par où on laisse entrer la lumière, afin de voir peints, et situés à rebours, sur un morceau de papier blanc, les objets de dehors qui respondent à ce trou, auquel il faut mettre un verre convexe. On a souhaité, pour donner plus d'agrément à ce spectacle, que les objets se peignissent sur ce papier selon leur véritable situation; et pour cet effet on a cherché des expédiens qui redressassent les espèces avant qu'elles parvinssent au foier du verre, c'est-à-dire, sur le papier. L'auteur raporte '10' de ces expédiens, et trouve dans chacun d'eux quelque chose d'incommode, mais enfin il en raporte un autre, qui est exempt de toutes ces incommoditéz, et qui, par le moien d'un prisme, au travers duquel il faut regarder les images peints sur le papier, les montre dans leur situation droite, et augmente même la vivacité de leurs couleurs. C'est le hazard qui a découvert ce phénomène. "

This letter is to be found at length in the _Miscellanea Curiosa, siveEphemeridum Medico-Physicarum Germanicarum Academiæ Naturæ curiosorumdecuria II. Annus quartus, anni 1685 continens celeberrimorum Virorumobservationes medicas_: Norimbergæ, 1686, in 4to. It may perhaps be worthconsulting, if it were only to know what the ten rejected expedients are. 

ANON. 

_Queries on Dr. Diamond's Collodion Process. _--Will you oblige me byinforming DR. DIAMOND through your valuable publication, that I am, incommon with many others, extremely indebted to him for his collodion, andwould esteem it a favour if he would answer the following Queries, viz. :

1st. He says, in answer to a previous Query, that "nitrate of potassa" is_not_ formed in his process. Now I wish to ask if (as the iodide of silveris redissolved in iodide of potassium) it is _not_ formed when the plate isplunged into the nitrate silver bath, as the nitrate decomposes the iodideof potassium?

2nd. How long will the collodion, according to his formulæ, keep, ascollodion made with iodide of silver generally decomposes quickly. 

3rdly. Why does he prohibit _washed_ ether?

4thly. Does he think cyanide of potassium would do as well as the iodide, to redissolve the iodide of silver, iodide of potassium being at present sodear?

{42}

5thly. In his paper process, does not the soaking in water after iodizingmerely take away a portion of iodides of silver and potassium from thepaper; or, if not, what end is answered by it?

W. F. E. 

_Baths for the Collodion Process. _--Having lately been assured, by agentleman of scientific attainments, that the sensitiveness of the preparedcollodion plate depends rather upon the strength of the nitrate of silverbath than on the collodion, I am desirous of asking how far the experienceof your correspondents confirms this statement. My informant assured me, that if, instead of using a solution of thirty grains of nitrate of silverto the ounce of water for the bath, which is the proportion recommended byMessrs. Archer, Horne, Delamotte, Diamond, &c. , a sixty grain solution besubstituted, the formation of the image would be the work of the fractionof a second. This seems to me so important as to deserve being broughtunder the notice of photographers--especially at this busy season--withouta moment's delay; and I therefore record the statement at once, as, fromcircumstances with which I need not encumber your pages, I shall not havean opportunity of trying any experiment upon the point for a week or two. 

Upon referring to the authorities on the subject of the best solution forbaths, I have been struck with their uniformity. One exception only haspresented itself, which is in a valuable paper by Mr. Thomas in the 6thNumber of the _Journal of the Photographic Society_. That gentleman directsthe bath to be prepared in the following manner:

Into a 20 oz. Stoppered bottle, put--

 Nitrate of silver 1 oz. Distilled water 10 oz. Dissolve. 

 Iodide of potassium 5 grs. Distilled water 1 dr. Dissolve. 

On mixing these two solutions, a precipitate of iodide of silver is formed. Place the bottle containing this mixture in a saucepan of hot water, keepit on the hob for about twelve hours, shake it occasionally, now and thenremoving the stopper. The bath is now perfectly saturated with iodide ofsilver; when cold, filter through white filtering paper, and add--

 Alcohol 2 drs. Sulphuric ether 1 dr. 

The prepared glass is to remain in the bath about eight or ten minutes. Now, is this bath applicable to all collodion, or only to that prepared byMr. Thomas; and if the former, what is the rationale of its beneficialaction?

A BEGINNER. 

 * * * * *

Replies to Minor Queries. 

_Mitigation of Capital Punishment to a Forger_ (Vol. Vii. , p. 573. ). --Ifyour correspondent H. B. C. Really wishes to be released from his hard workin hunting up the truth of my and other narratives of the _mitigation ofcapital punishment to forgers_, I shall be happy to receive a note from himwith his name and address, when I will give him the name and address of myinformant in return. By this means I may be able to relieve his shoulderfrom a portion of its burden, and myself from any farther imputations of"mythic accompaniments, " &c. , which are unpalatable phrases even whencoming from a gentleman who only discloses his initials. 

ALFRED GATTY. 

Ecclesfield. 

_Chronograms_ (Vol. V. , p. 585. ) and _Anagrams_ (Vol. Iv. , p. 226). --Thoughwe have ceased to practise these "literary follies, " they are not withoutinterest; and you will perhaps think it worth while to add the following toyour list:

 "Hugo Grotius, his _Sophompaneas_. By FranCIs GoLDsMIth. "

has no date on the title-page, the real date of 1652 being supplied by thechronogram, which is a better one than most of those quoted in "N. & Q. , "inasmuch as all the numerical letters are employed, and it is consequentlynot dependent on the typography. 

James Howell concludes his _Parly of Beasts_ as follows:

 "Gloria lausque Deo sæCLorVM in sæcVla sunto. 

 A chronogrammaticall verse which includes not onely this year, 1660, but hath numericall letters enow [an illustration, by the way, of _enow_ as expressive of number] to reach above a thousand years farther, untill the year 2867. "

Query, How is this made out? And are there any other letters employed asnumerical than the M, D, C, L, V, and I? If not, I can only make Howell'schronogram equivalent to 1927. 

The author, in his _German Diet_, after narrating the death of Charles, sonof Philip II. Of Spain, says:

 "If you desire to know the yeer, this chronogram will tell you:

 fILIVs ante DIeM patrIos InqVIrIt In annos, "

 which would represent the date of 1568. 

The same work contains an anagram on "Frere Jacques Clement, " the murdererof Henry III. Of France: "C'est l'enfer qui m'a créé. "

J. F. M. 

_Abigail_ (Vol. Iv. , p. 424. ; Vol. V. , pp. 38. 94. 450. ). --Can it be shownthat this word was in general use, as meaning a "lady's maid, " before thetime of Queen Anne. It probably was so used; {43} but I have always thoughtit likely that it became much more extensively employed, after AbigailHill, Lady Masham, became the favourite of that queen. She was, I believe, a poor cousin of Sarah Jennings, Duchess of Marlborough, and early in lifewas employed by her in the humble capacity of lady's maid. After she hadsupplanted the haughty duchess, it is not unlikely that the Whigs wouldtake a malicious pleasure in keeping alive the recollection of the earlyfortunes of the Tory favourite, and that they would be unwilling to losethe opportunity of speaking of a lady's maid as anything else but an"Abigail. " Swift, however, in his use of the word, could have no suchdesign, as he was on the best of terms with the Mashams, of whose party hewas the very life and soul. 

H. T. RILEY. 

_Burial in unconsecrated Ground_ (Vol. Vi. , p. 448. ). --Susanna, the wife ofPhilip Carteret Webb, Esq. , of Busbridge, in Surrey, died at Bath in March, 1756, and was, at her own desire, buried with two of her children in a cavein the grounds at Busbridge; it being excavated by a company of soldiersthen quartered at Guildford. Their remains were afterwards disinterred andburied in Godalming Church. 

H. T. RILEY. 

_"Cob" and "Conners"_ (Vol. Vii. , pp. 234. 321. ). --These names are notsynonymous, nor are they Irish words. It is the pier at Lyme Regis, and notthe harbour, which bears the name of the _Cob_. In the "Y Gododin" ofAneurin, a British poem supposed to have been written in the sixth century, the now obsolete word _chynnwr_ occurs in the seventy-sixth stanza. In arecent translation of this poem, by the Rev. John Williams Ab Ithel, M. A. , this word is rendered, apparently for the sake of the metre, "shore of thesea. " The explanation given in a foot-note is, "Harbour _cynwr_ from _cyndwfr_. " On the shore of the estuary of the Dee, between Chester and Flint, on the Welsh side of the river, there is a place called "Connah's Quay. " Itis probable that the ancient orthography of the name was _Conner_. 

_Cob_, I think, is also a British word, --_cop_, a mound. All the ancientearth-works which bear this name, of which I have knowledge, are of acircular form, except a lone embankment called _The Cop_, which has beenraised on the race-course at Chester, to protect it from the land-floodsand spring-tides of the river Dee. 

N. W. S. (2. )

_Coleridge's Unpublished MSS. _ (Vol. Iv. , p. 411. ; Vol. Vi. , p. 533. ). --THEOPHYLACT, at the first reference, inquired whether we are "everlikely to receive from any member of Coleridge's family, or from his friendMr. J. H. Green, the fragments, if not the entire work, of his_Logosophia_. " Agreeing with your correspondent, that "we can ill afford tolose a work the conception of which engrossed much of his thoughts, " Irepeated the Query in another form, at the second reference (_supra_), grounding it upon an assurance of Sara Coleridge, in her introduction tothe _Biographia Literaria_, that the fragment on Ideas would hereafterappear, as a sequel to the _Aids to Reflection_. Whether this fragment beidentical with the _Logosophia_, or, as I suspect, a distinct essay, certain it is that nothing of the kind has ever been published. 

From an interesting conversation I had with Dr. Green in a railwaycarriage, on our return from the Commemoration at Oxford, I learned that hehas in his possession, (1. ) A complete section of a work on _The Philosophyof Nature_ which he took down from the mouth of Coleridge, filling a largevolume; (2. ) A complete treatise on _Logic_; and (3. ) If I did not mistake, a fragment on _Ideas_. The reason Dr. Green assigns for their not havingbeen published, is, that they contain nothing but what has already seen thelight in the _Aids to Reflection_, _The Theory of Life_, and the _Treatiseon Method_. This appears to me a very inadequate reason for withholdingthem from the press. That the works would pay, there can be no doubt. Besides the editing of these MSS. , who is so well qualified as Dr. Green togive us a good biography of Coleridge?

C. MANSFIELD INGLEBY. 

Birmingham. 

_Selling a Wife_ (Vol. Vii. , p. 602. ). --A case of selling a wife actuallyand _bonâ fide_ happened in the provincial town in which I reside, abouteighteen years ago. A man publicly sold his wife at the market cross for15l. : the buyer carried her away with him some seven miles off, and shelived with him till his death. The seller and the buyer are both now dead, but the woman is alive, and is married to a _third_ (or a _second_)husband. The legality of the transaction has, I believe, some chance ofbeing tried, as she now claims some property belonging to her first husband(the seller), her right to which is questioned in consequence of hersupposed alienation by sale; and I am informed that a lawyer has beenapplied to in the case. Of course there can be little doubt as to theresult. 

SC. 

_Life_ (Vol. Vii. , pp. 429. 608. ). --Compare with the lines quoted by yourcorrespondents those of Moore, entitled "My Birthday, " the four followingespecially:

 "Vain was the man, and false as vain, Who said[9], 'Were he ordain'd to run His long career of life again, He would do all that he had done. '"

Many a man would gladly live his life over again, were he allowed to bringto bear on his {44} second life the _experience_ he had acquired in thatpast. For in the grave there is no room, either for _ambition_ or_repentance_; and the degree of our happiness or misery for eternity isproportioned to the state of preparation or unpreparation in which we leave_this world_. Instead of many a man, I might have said most good men; andof the others, all who have not passed the rubicon of hope and grace. Thevista of the past, however, appears a long and dreary retrospect, and _any_future is hailed as a relief: yet on second and deeper thought, we wouldmount again the rugged hill of life, and try for a brighter prospect, ahigher eminence. 

JARLTZBERG. 

[Footnote 9: Fontenelle. ]

 * * * * *

 "Immo Deus mihi si dederit renovare juventam, Utve iterum in cunis possim vagire; recusem. " Isaac Hawkins Browne, _De Animi Immortalitate_, lib. I. , near the end. 

(See _Selecta Poemata Anglorum Latina_, iii. 251. )

F. W. J. 

_Passage of Thucydides on the Greek Factions_ (Vol. Vii. , p. 594. ). --Thepassage alluded to by SIR A. ALISON appears to be the celebrateddescription of the moral effects produced by the conflicts of the Greekfactions, which is subjoined to the account of the Corcyræan sedition, iii. 82. The quotation must, however, have been made from memory, and it isamplified and expanded from the original. The words adverted to seem to be:

 [Greek: mellêsis de promêthês deilia euprepês, to de sôphron tou anandrou proschêma, kai to pros hapan xuneton epi pan argon. ]

Thucydides, however, proceeds to say that the cunning which enabled a manto plot with success against an enemy, or still more to discover hishostile purposes, was highly esteemed. 

L. 

_Archbishop King_ (Vol. Vii. , p. 430. ). --A few days since I met with thefollowing passage in a brief sketch of Kane O'Hara, in the last number ofthe _Irish Quarterly Review_:

 "In the extremely meagre published notices of O'Hara (the celebrated burletta writer), no reference has been made to his skill as an artist, of which we have a specimen in his etching of Dr. William King, archbishop of Dublin, in a wig and cap, of which portrait a copy has been made by Richardson. "

This extract is taken from one of a very interesting series of papers upon"The Streets of Dublin. "

ABHBA. 

_Devonianisms_ (Vol. Vii. , p. 544. ). --_Pilm_, _Forrell_. --_Pillom_ is thefull word, of which _pilm_ is a contraction. It appears to have beenderived from the British word _pylor_, dust. _Forell_ is an archaic namefor the cover of a book. The Welsh appear to have adopted it from theEnglish, as their name for a bookbinder is _fforelwr_, literally, one whocovers books. I may mention another Devonianism. The cover of a book iscalled its _healing_. A man who lays slates on the roof of a house is, inDevonshire, called a _hellier_. 

N. W. S. (2. )

_Perseverant, Perseverance_ (Vol. Vii. , p. 400. ). --Can MR. ARROWSMITHsupply any instances of the verb _persever_ (or _perceyuer_, as it is speltin the 1555 edition of Hawes, M. I. Col. 2. ), from any other author? andwill he inform us when this "abortive hog" and his litter became extinct. 

In explaining _speare_ (so strangely misunderstood by the editor ofDodsley), he should, I think, have added, that it was an old way of writing_spar_. In Shakspeare's Prologue to _Troilus and Cressida_, it is written_sperr_. _Sparred_, quoted by Richardson from the _Romance of the Rose_, and _Troilus and Creseide_, is in the edition of Chaucer referred to byTyrwhitt, written in the _Romance_ "spered, " and in _Troilus_ "sperred. "

Q. 

Bloomsbury. 

"_The Good Old Cause_" (Vol. Vi. , _passim_). --Mrs. Behn, who gained somenotoriety for her licentious writings even in Charles II. 's days, was theauthor of a play called _The Roundheads, or the Good Old Cause_: London, 1682. In the Epilogue she puts into the mouth of the Puritans the followinglines respecting the Royalists:

 "Yet then they rail'd against _The Good Old Cause_; Rail'd foolishly for loyalty and laws: But when the Saints had put them to a stand, We left them loyalty, and took their land: Yea, and the pious work of Reformation Rewarded was with plunder and sequestration. "

The following lines are quoted by Mr. Teale in his _Life of ViscountFalkland_, p. 131. :

 "The wealthiest man among us is the best: No grandeur now in Nature or in book Delights us--repose, avarice, expense, This is the idolatry; and these we adore: Plain living and high thinking are no more; The homely beauty of _The Good Old Cause_ Is gone: our peace and fearful innocence, And pure religion breathing household laws. "

Whence did Mr. Teale get these lines? Either _The Good Old Cause_ is hereused in a peculiar sense, or Mr. Teale makes an unhappy use of thequotation. 

JARLTZBERG. 

_Saying of Pascal_ (Vol. Vii. , p. 596. ). --In reply to the question of W. FRASER, I would refer him to Pascal's _sixteenth_ Provincial Letter, where, in the last paragraph but one, we read, --

 "Mes révérends pères, mes lettres n'avaient pas accoutumé de se suivre de si près, ni d'être si étendues. _Le peu de temps que j'ai eu a été cause de l'un et de l'autre. Je n'ai fait celle-ci plus longue que parceque je {45} n'ai pas eu le loisir de la faire plus courte. _ La raison qui m'a obligé de hâter vous est mieux connue qu'à moi. "

R. E. T. 

_Paint taken off of old Oak_ (Vol. Vii. , p. 620. ). --About twenty-six yearsago, by the adoption of a very simple process recommended by Dr. Wollaston, the paint was entirely removed from the screen of carved oak which fillsthe north end of the great hall at Audley End, and the wood reassumed itsoriginal colour and brilliancy. The result was brought about by theapplication of soft-soap, laid on of the thickness of a shilling over thewhole surface of the oak, and allowed to remain there two or three days; atthe end of which it was washed off with plenty of cold water. I am awarethat potash has been often tried with success for the same purpose; but, inmany instances, unless it is used with due caution, the wood becomes of adarker hue, and has the appearance of having been charred. It is worthy ofremark, that Dr. Wollaston made the suggestion with great diffidence, nothaving, as he said, had any practical experience of the effect of such anapplication. 

BRAYBROOKE. 

_Passage in the "Tempest"_ (Vol. Ii. , pp. 259. 299. 337. 429. ). --As aparallel to the expression "most busy least" (meaning "least busy"emphatically), I would suggest the common expression of the Northumbrians, "Far over near" (signifying "much too near"). 

H. T. RILEY. 

 * * * * *

Miscellaneous. 

NOTES ON BOOKS, ETC. 

The Committee appointed by the Society of Antiquaries to consider whatimprovements could be introduced into its management, has at length issueda Report; and we are glad to find that the alterations suggested by themhave been frankly adopted by the Council. The principal changes proposedrefer to the election of the Council; the having but one Secretary, who isnot to be a member of that body; the appointment of Local Secretaries; theretirement annually of the Senior Vice-President; and lastly, that whichmore than anything else must operate for the future benefit of the Society, the appointment of a third Standing Committee, to be called _The ExecutiveCommittee_, whose duty shall be "to superintend the correspondence of theSociety on all subjects relating to literature and antiquities, to directany antiquarian operations or excavations carried on by the Society, toexamine all papers sent for reading, all objects sent for exhibition, andto assist the Director generally in taking care that the publications ofthe Society are consistent with its position and importance. " It is easy tosee that if a proper selection be made of the Fellows to serve on thisCommittee, their activity, and the renewed interest which will be therebyawakened in the proceedings of the Society, will ensure for the ThursdayEvening Meetings a regular supply of objects for exhibition, and papers forreading, worthy of the body--and therefore unlike many which we have toofrequently heard, and to which, but for the undeserved imputation which weshould seem to cast upon our good friend Sir Henry Ellis, might be applied, with a slight alteration, that couplet of Mathias which tells--

 "How o'er the bulk of these _transacted_ deeds Sir Henry pants, and d----ns 'em as he reads. "

We have now little doubt that better days are in store for the Society ofAntiquaries. 

The Annual Meeting of the Archæological Institute commences at Chichesteron Tuesday next, under the patronage of the Dukes of Norfolk and Richmond, and the Bishop of Chichester, and the Presidentship of Lord Talbot deMalahide. There is a good bill of fare provided in the shape of Lectures onthe Cathedral, by Professor Willis; excursions to Boxgrove Priory, Halnaker, Godwood, Cowdray, Petworth, Pevensey, Amberley, Shoreham, Lewes, and Arundel; excavations on Bow Hill; Meetings of the Sections of History, Antiquities, and Architecture; and, what we think will be one of thepleasantest features of the programme, the Annual Meeting of the SussexArchæological Society, in the proceedings of which the Members of theInstitute are invited to participate. 

BOOKS RECEIVED. --_A Glossary of Provincialisms in Use in the County ofSussex_, by W. Durrant Cooper, _second edition_: a small but very valuableaddition to our provincial glossaries, with an introduction well worth thereading. We shall be surprised if the meeting of the Institute this year inSussex does not furnish Mr. Cooper with materials for a third and enlargededition. --_The Traveller's Library_, No. 44. , _A Tour on the Continent byRail and Road_, by John Barrow: a brief itinerary of dates and distances, showing what may be done in a two months' visit to the Continent. --No. 45. _Swiss Men and Swiss Mountains_, by Robert Ferguson: a very graphic andwell-written narrative of a tour in Switzerland, which deserves a corner inthe knapsack of the "intending" traveller. --_The Essays, or Counsels Civiland Moral, by Francis Bacon, Viscount St. Alban_, edited by Thomas Markby:a cheap edition of this valuable "handbook for thinking men, " produced bythe ready sale which has attended _The Advancement of Learning_ by the sameeditor. --_Reynard the Fox, after the German Version of Göthe_, withIllustrations by J. Wolf, Part VII. , in which the translator carries on thestory to _The Outlawry_ in well-tuned verse. --_Cyclopædia Bibliographica_, Part X. This tenth Part concludes the first half of the volume of authorsand their works; and the punctuality with which the Parts have succeededeach other is a sufficient pledge that we shall see this most usefullibrary companion completed in a satisfactory manner. 

 * * * * *

BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES WANTED TO PURCHASE. 

MOORE'S MELODIES. 15th Edition. 

WOOD'S ATHENÆ OXONIENSES (ed. Bliss). 4 vols. 4to. 1813-20. 

THE COMPLAYNTS OF SCOTLAND. 8vo. Edited by Leyden. 1804. 

SHAKSPEARE'S PLAYS. Vol. V. Of Johnson and Steevens's edition, in 15 vols. 8vo. 1739. 

CIRCLE OF THE SEASONS. 12mo. London, 1828. (Two Copies. )

JONES' ACCOUNT OF ABERYSTWITH. Trevecka, 8vo. 1779. 

{46} M. C. H. BROEMEL'S FEST-TANZEN DER ERSTEN CHRISTEN. Jena, 1705. 

COOPER'S ACCOUNT OF PUBLIC RECORDS. 8vo. 1832. Vol. I. 

PASSIONAEL EFTE DAT LEVENT DER HEILIGEN. Basil, 1522. 

LORD LANSDOWNE'S WORKS. Vol. I. Tonson, 1736. 

JAMES BAKER'S PICTURESQUE GUIDE TO THE LOCAL BEAUTIES OF WALES. Vol. I. 4to. 1794. 

SANDERS' HISTORY OF SHENSTONE IN STAFFORDSHIRE. J. Nichols, London, 1794. Two Copies. 

HERBERT'S CAROLINA THRENODIA. 8vo. 1702. 

THEOBOLD'S SHAKSPEARE RESTORED. 4to. 1726. 

*** _Correspondents sending Lists of Books Wanted are requested to sendtheir names. _

*** Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, _carriage free_, to besent to MR. BELL, Publisher of "NOTES AND QUERIES, " 186. Fleet Street. 

 * * * * *

Notices to Correspondents. 

J. M. G. , _who writes respecting the Leigh Peerage, is informed that wehave a private letter for him. How can it be addressed to him?_

W. W. (Malta) _has our best thanks for his letter of the 25th of June. Hissuggestion will be adopted; but we shall shortly have the pleasure ofaddressing a_ private _communication to him. _

SHAKSPEARE CRITICISM. _We have to apologise to many friends andCorrespondents for the postponement of their communications. As Soon as theIndex to_ Vol. Vii. _is published, we shall take steps to get out of thesearrears. _

C. P. F. _The_ Ch _in the name of _Ch_obham is soft. There is a _C_obhamwithin a few miles of the Camp. _

IODIDE (June 24th). _There is much care required in iodizing paper; we haveno hesitation in saying at present the subject has not met with sufficientattention. When the iodized paper is immersed in water, it is some timebefore it assumes a yellow colour. This may be accelerated by oftenchanging the water. The brightness of the colour is by no means an index ofits degree of sensitiveness--on the contrary, paper of a bright yellowcolour is more apt to brown than one of a pale primrose. Too bright ayellow would also indicate an insufficient soaking; and suffering the paperto remain longer than is needful not only lessens its sensitive powers, butdoes much damage by removing all the size. _

H. N. (Kingston). _Violet-coloured glass, ground on one side, may beobtained at 11d. Per square foot of Messrs. Forest and Brownley, LimeStreet, Liverpool. It may also be had in London, but the price charged ismuch higher. This glass obstructs just a sufficient degree of light, and ismost agreeable to the sitter; not much advantage accrues from the use oflarge sheets, and it is objectionable for price. No doubt such anapplication as you mention would be useful; but, from the difficulty thereis in keeping out the wet from a glass roof, it would be veryobjectionable. Beyond a reference to our advertising columns, we cannotenter upon the subject of the prices of chemicals and their purity. Inmaking gun cotton, the time of immersion in the acids must be the same fortwenty grains as for any large quantity: when good, there is a peculiarcrispness in the cotton, and it is_ quite _soluble in the ether. If ourCorrespondent (who expresses so much earnestness of success) will forwardhis address, he shall receive a small portion made according to_ DR. DIAMOND'S _formulary, which we find extremely soluble; and he can compareit with that of his own production. _

F. M. (Malta). _1st. We are informed by_ DR. DIAMOND _that howeverbeautiful the results obtained by others in the use of Canson's paper, inhis hands he has found no certainty in its action, and, for iodized paperfor negatives, far inferior to the best English papers. If the salts ofgold are to be used, deep tints are very readily obtained by the Frenchpapers. The propriety of using gold is very questionable, not only asaffecting the after permanence of the picture, but from the strongcontrasts generally produced being very offensive to an artist's eye. 2ndly. Xyloidine may be iodized precisely the same as collodion, but noadvantage whatever is gained from its use. A collodion for the taking ofpositives on glass should be differently made to one for negative pictures. There should be less of the iodides contained in it, and it should be morefluid. When this is the case, the image is never washed out by the hypo. , and the delineation is equal in minuteness to any Daguerreotype on metalplates, as has been shown by the specimens of the reduction of printingexhibited by Mr. Rosling at the Society of Arts' Exhibition, where theletters were reduced to 1-750th of an inch, or less than half the diameterof a human hair. If the protonitrate of iron_ properly prepared _be used inthe development, the deposit assumes the beautiful appearance of dead whitesilver, having none of the reflecting qualities of the metal plates. _

C. E. F. (June 13th). _The spots in the specimen sent depend upon minutesubstances in your collodion not receiving the action of the nitrate ofsilver bath; and you will find this upon looking through a prepared plateafter it has been in the nitrate bath, and previously to its ever havingbeen in the camera. They may be iodide or iodate of silver, or smallcrystals of nitrate of potash. If the former, add a little piece of iodideof potassium, say ten grains to two ounces of collodion; or if the latter, it would depend upon a defective washing of the gun cotton by which all thesoluble salts have not been removed: thus more care must be used. We wouldrecommend you to use an entirely new bath and stronger, four ounces ofhypo. To a pint: it is evident that your very nice specimens have beenspoiled by the stains of the bath. Allow us again to draw your attention tothe process given by_ MR. POLLOCK; _we have seen most satisfactory picturesproduced by it. _

R. H. CHATTOCK (Solihull). _The "freckled" appearance which you mention inyour positives in all probability depends upon the action of the light uponthe silver, which still remains in your proof. We have often found it to bethe case when old hyposulphite of soda is used, and when the strength ofthe bath is becoming weak and doubtful. It is certainly a safe process tosoak the picture in clean water for an hour or two, _ the light beingexcluded _previous to the immersion into the hypo. ; and the waterextracting a large portion of the solutions remaining on the paper, theafter application of the hypo. Need not be so long continued, whereby thetone of the picture is not so much lowered. Your own observation, that apiece of Whatman's paper being merely divided, and one point exhibiting thedefects and the other not, at once negatives the idea that the size in thepaper has been affected. _

_The_ Index _to our_ SEVENTH VOLUME _will be ready on Saturday next, the16th. _

_A few complete sets of_ "NOTES AND QUERIES, " Vols. I. _to_ vi. , _priceThree Guineas, may now be had; for which early application is desirable. _

"NOTES AND QUERIES" _is published at noon on Friday, so that the CountryBooksellers may receive Copies in that night's parcels, and deliver them totheir Subscribers on the Saturday. _

 * * * * *

The Twenty-eighth Edition. 

NEUROTONICS, or the Art of Strengthening the Nerves, containing Remarks onthe influence of the Nerves upon the Health of Body and Mind, and the meansof Cure for Nervousness, Debility, Melancholy, and all Chronic Diseases, byDR. NAPIER, M. D. London: HOULSTON & STONEMAN. Price 4d. , or Post Free fromthe Author for Five Penny Stamps. 

 "We can conscientiously recommend 'Neurotonics, ' by Dr. Napier, to the careful perusal of our invalid readers. "--_John Bull Newspaper, June 5, 1852. _

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WANTED, for the Ladies' Institute, 83. Regent Street, Quadrant, LADIES oftaste for fancy work, --by paying 21s. Will be received as members, andtaught the new style of velvet wool work, which is acquired in a few easylessons. Each lady will be guaranteed constant employment and ready cashpayment for her work. Apply personally to Mr. Thoughey. N. B. Ladies taughtby letter at any distance from London. 

 * * * * *

BENNETT'S MODEL WATCH, as shown at the GREAT EXHIBITION, No. 1. Class X. , in Gold and Silver Cases, in five qualities, and adapted to all Climates, may now be had at the MANUFACTORY, 65. CHEAPSIDE. Superior Gold London-madePatent Levers, 17, 15, and 12 guineas. Ditto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6 and 4guineas. First-rate Geneva Levers, in Gold Cases, 12, 10, and 8 guineas. Ditto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6, and 5 guineas. Superior Lever, withChronometer Balance, Gold, 27, 23, and 19 guineas. Bennett's PocketChronometer, Gold, 50 guineas; Silver, 40 guineas. Every Watch skilfullyexamined, timed, and its performance guaranteed. Barometers, 2l. , 3l. , and4l. Thermometers from 1s. Each. 

BENNETT, Watch, Clock, and Instrument Maker to the Royal Observatory, theBoard of Ordnance, the Admiralty, and the Queen, 65. CHEAPSIDE. 

 * * * * *

SPECTACLES. --WM. ACKLAND applies his medical knowledge as a Licentiate ofthe Apothecaries' Company, London, his theory as a Mathematician, and hispractice as a working Optician, aided by Smee's Optometer, in the selectionof Spectacles suitable to every derangement of vision, so as to preservethe sight to extreme old age. 

ACHROMATIC TELESCOPES, with the New Vetzlar Eye-pieces, as exhibited at theAcademy of Sciences in Paris. The Lenses of these Eye-pieces are soconstructed that the rays of light fall nearly perpendicular to the surfaceof the various lenses, by which the aberration is completely removed; and atelescope so fitted gives one-third more magnifying power and light thancould be obtained by the old Eye-pieces. Prices of the various sizes onapplication to

WM. ACKLAND, Optician, 93. Hatton Garden, London. 

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{47}

PHOTOGRAPHIC PICTURES. --A Selection of the above beautiful Productions(comprising Views in VENICE, PARIS, RUSSIA, NUBIA, &c. ) may be seen atBLAND & LONG'S, 153. Fleet Street, where may also be procured Apparatus ofevery Description, and pure Chemicals for the practice of Photography inall its Branches. 

Calotype, Daguerreotype, and Glass Pictures for the Stereoscope. 

*** Catalogues may be had on application. 

BLAND & LONG, Opticians, Philosophical and Photographical InstrumentMakers, and Operative Chemists, 153. Fleet Street. 

 * * * * *

PHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS MANUFACTORY, Charlotte Terrace, Barnsbury Road, Islington. 

T. OTTEWILL (from Horne & Co. 's) begs most respectfully to call theattention of Gentlemen, Tourists, and Photographers, to the superiority ofhis newly registered DOUBLE-BODIED FOLDING CAMERAS, possessing theefficiency and ready adjustment of the Sliding Camera, with the portabilityand convenience of the Folding Ditto. 

Every description of Apparatus to order. 

 * * * * *

PHOTOGRAPHY. --HORNE & CO. 'S Iodized Collodion, for obtaining InstantaneousViews, and Portraits in from three to thirty seconds, according to light. 

Portraits obtained by the above, for delicacy of detail rival the choicestDaguerreotypes, specimens of which may be seen at their Establishment. 

Also every description of Apparatus, Chemicals, &c. &c. Used in thisbeautiful Art. --123. And 121. Newgate Street. 

 * * * * *

Just published, price 1s. , free by Post 1s. 4d. , THE WAXED-PAPER PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESS of GUSTAVE LE GRAY'S NEW EDITION. Translated from the French. 

Sole Agents in the United Kingdom for VOIGHTLANDER & SON'S celebratedLenses for Portraits and Views. 

General Depôt for Turner's, Whatman's, Canson Frères', La Croix, and otherTalbotype Papers. 

Pure Photographic Chemicals. 

Instructions and Specimens in every Branch of the Art. 

GEORGE KNIGHT & SONS, Foster Lane, London. 

 * * * * *

PHOTOGRAPHY. --Collodion (Iodized with the Ammonio-Iodide of Silver). --J. B. HOCKIN & CO. , Chemists, 289. Strand, were the first in England whopublished the application of this agent (see _Athenæum_, Aug. 14th). TheirCollodion (price 9d. Per oz. ) retains its extraordinary sensitiveness, tenacity, and colour unimpaired for months; it may be exported to anyclimate, and the Iodizing Compound mixed as required. J. B. HOCKIN & CO. Manufacture PURE CHEMICALS and all APPARATUS with the latest Improvementsadapted for all the Photographic and Daguerreotype processes. Cameras forDeveloping in the open Country. GLASS BATHS adapted to any Camera. Lensesfrom the best Makers. Waxed and Iodized Papers, &c. 

 * * * * *

PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPER. --Negative and Positive Papers of Whatman's Turner's, Sanford's, and Canson Frères' make. Waxed-Paper for Le Gray's Process. Iodized and Sensitive Paper for every kind of Photography. 

Sold by JOHN SANFORD, Photographic Stationer, Aldine Chambers, 13. Paternoster Row, London. 

 * * * * *

CLERICAL, MEDICAL, AND GENERAL LIFE ASSURANCE SOCIETY. 

 * * * * *

Established 1824. 

 * * * * *

FIVE BONUSES have been declared: at the last in January, 1852, the sum of131, 125l. Was added to the Policies, producing a Bonus varying with thedifferent ages from 24½ to 55 per cent. On the Premiums paid during thefive years, or from 5l. To 12l. 10s. Per cent. On the Sum Assured. 

The small share of Profit divisible in future among the Shareholders beingnow provided for, the ASSURED will hereafter derive all the benefitsobtainable from a Mutual Office, WITHOUT ANY LIABILITY OR RISK OFPARTNERSHIP. 

POLICIES effected before the 30th June next, will be entitled, at the nextDivision, to one year's additional share of Profits over later Assurers. 

On Assurances for the whole of Life only one half of the Premiums need bepaid for the first five years. 

INVALID LIVES may be Assured at rates proportioned to the risk. 

Claims paid _thirty_ days after proof of death, and all Policies are_Indisputable_ except in cases of fraud. 

Tables of Rates and forms of Proposal can be obtained of any of theSociety's Agents, or of

GEORGE H. PINCKARD, Resident Secretary. 

99. _Great Russell Street, Bloomsbury, London. _

 * * * * *

UNITED KINGDOM LIFE ASSURANCE COMPANY: established by Act of Parliament in1834. --8. Waterloo Place, Pall Mall, London. 

HONORARY PRESIDENTS. 

 Earl of Courtown Earl Leven and Melville Earl of Norbury Earl of Stair Viscount Falkland Lord Elphinstone Lord Belhaven and Stenton Wm. Campbell, Esq. , of Tillichewan

LONDON BOARD. 

_Chairman. _--Charles Graham, Esq. _Deputy-Chairman. _--Charles Downes, Esq. 

 H. Blair Avarne, Esq. E. Lennox Boyd, Esq. , F. S. A. , _Resident_. C. Berwick Curtis, Esq. William Fairlie, Esq. D. Q. Henriques, Esq. J. G. Henriques, Esq. F. C. Maitland, Esq. William Railton, Esq. F. H. Thomson, Esq. Thomas Thorby, Esq. 

MEDICAL OFFICERS. 

_Physician. _--Arthur H. Hassall, Esq. , M. D. , 8. Bennett Street, St. James's. _Surgeon. _--F. H. Tomson, Esq. , 48. Berners Street. 

The Bonus added to Policies from March, 1834, to December 31, 1847, is asfollows:--

 ---------+----------+--------------------+---------- Sum | Time | Sum added to | Sum Assured. | Assured. | Policy | Payable | +--------------------+ at Death. | | In 1841. In 1848. | ---------+----------+---------+----------+---------- £ | | £ s. D. | £ s. D. | £ s. D. 5000 | 14 years | 683 6 8 | 787 10 0 | 6470 16 8 * 1000 | 7 years | - - | 157 10 0 | 1157 10 0 500 | 1 year | - - | 11 5 0 | 511 5 0 ---------+----------+---------+----------+----------

* EXAMPLE. --At the commencement of the year 1841, a person aged thirty tookout a Policy for 1000l. , the annual payment for which is 24l. 1s. 8d. ; in1847 he had paid in premiums 168l. 11s. 8d. ; but the profits being 2¼ percent. Per annum on the sum insured (which is 22l. 10s. Per annum for each1000l. ) he had 157l. 10s. Added to the Policy, almost as much as thepremiums paid. 

The Premiums, nevertheless, are on the most moderate scale, and onlyone-half need be paid for the first five years, when the Insurance is forLife. Every information will be afforded on application to the ResidentDirector. 

 * * * * *

PURE NERVOUS or MIND COMPLAINTS. --If the readers of NOTES AND QUERIES, whosuffer from depression of spirits, confusion, headache, blushing, groundless fears, unfitness for business or society, blood to the head, failure of memory, delusions, suicidal thoughts, fear of insanity, &c. , will call on, or correspond with, REV. DR. WILLIS MOSELEY, who, out ofabove 22, 000 applicants, knows not fifty uncured who have followed hisadvice, he will instruct them how to get well, without a fee, and willrender the same service to the friends of the insane. --At home from 11 to3. 

18. BLOOMSBURY STREET, BEDFORD SQUARE. 

 * * * * *

WESTERN LIFE ASSURANCE AND ANNUITY SOCIETY. 

3. PARLIAMENT STREET, LONDON. 

Founded A. D. 1842. 

 _Directors. _

 H. E. Bicknell, Esq. | T. Grissell, Esq. T. S. Cocks, Jun. Esq. , M. P. | J. Hunt, Esq. G. H. Drew, Esq. | J. A. Lethbridge, Esq. W. Evans, Esq. | E. Lucas, Esq. W. Freeman, Esq. | J. Lys Seager, Esq. F. Fuller, Esq. | J. B. White, Esq. J. H. Goodhart, Esq. | J. Carter Wood, Esq. 

 _Trustees. _--W. Whateley, Esq. , Q. C. ; George Drew, Esq. , T. Grissell, Esq. _Physician. _--William Rich. Basham, M. D. _Bankers. _--Messrs. Cocks, Biddulph, and Co. , Charing Cross. 

VALUABLE PRIVILEGE. 

POLICIES effected in this Office do not become void through temporarydifficulty in paying a Premium, as permission is given upon application tosuspend the payment at interest, according to the conditions detailed inthe Prospectus. 

Specimens of Rates of Premium for Assuring 100l. , with a Share inthree-fourths of the Profits:--

 Age £ s. D. | Age £ s. D. 17 1 14 4 | 32 2 10 8 22 1 18 8 | 37 2 18 6 27 2 4 5 | 42 3 8 2

ARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M. A. , F. R. A. S. , Actuary. 

Now ready, price 10s. 6d. , Second Edition, with material additions, INDUSTRIAL INVESTMENT and EMIGRATION: being a TREATISE ON BENEFIT BUILDINGSOCIETIES, and on the General Principles of Land Investment, exemplified inthe Cases of Freehold Land Societies, Building Companies, &c. With aMathematical Appendix on Compound Interest and Life Assurance. By ARTHURSCRATCHLEY, M. A. , Actuary to the Western Life Assurance Society, 3. Parliament Street, London. 

 * * * * *

{48}

MURRAY'S RAILWAY READING. 

This Day, new and revised Edition, post 8vo. , 2s. 6d. 

ANCIENT SPANISH BALLADS: Historical and Romantic. Translated, with Notes, by JOHN GIBSON LOCKHART, ESQ. 

Also, fcap. 8vo. , 2s. 

A MONTH IN NORWAY, during the Summer of 1852. By JOHN G. HOLLWAY, ESQ. 

The former Volumes of Murray's Railway Reading are--

LIFE OF LORD BACON. By LORD CAMPBELL. 

WELLINGTON. By JULES MAUREL. 

FALL OF JERUSALEM. By DEAN MILMAN. 

STORY OF JOAN OF ARC. By LORD MAHON. 

LITERARY ESSAYS AND CHARACTERS. By HENRY HALLAM. 

LIFE OF THEODORE HOOK. 

THE EMIGRANT. By SIR F. B. HEAD. 

CHARACTER OF WELLINGTON. By LORD ELLESMERE. 

MUSIC AND DRESS. By a LADY. 

POPULAR ACCOUNT OF NINEVEH. By A. H. LAYARD. 

BEES AND FLOWERS. By a CLERGYMAN. 

"THE FORTY-FIVE. " By LORD MAHON. 

ESSAYS FROM "THE TIMES. "

DEEDS of NAVAL DARING. By EDWARD GIFFARD. 

THE ART OF DINING. 

JOURNEY TO NEPAUL. By LAURENCE OLIPHANT. 

THE CHACE, TURF, AND ROAD. By NIMROD. 

Just ready, HISTORY, AS A CONDITION OF SOCIAL PROGRESS. By SAMUEL LUCAS. Fcap. 8vo. , price 6d. 

JOHN MURRAY, Albemarle Street. 

 * * * * *

DUTCH LANGUAGE. --Werninck's Dutch Dictionary, 1824 (published at 12s. ), bd. 5s. --Van der Pyl's Dutch Grammar, 8vo. 1819, bds. 6s. ;--and a variety ofother Dutch Works for sale at

BERNARD QUARITCH'S, 16. Castle Street, Leicester Square. 

*** B. Q. 's Catalogue, containing an extensive stock of Books in all theLanguages of the World, may be had for 6d. --B. Q. 's Monthly Catalogues aresent for a year on receipt of Twelve Postage Stamps. 

 * * * * *

TO ALL WHO HAVE FARMS OR GARDENS. 

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE, (The Horticultural Part edited by PROF. LINDLEY)

Of Saturday, July 2, contains Articles on

 Aloes, to water, by Mr. Burgess Analyses of roots Ants, black Banana, by Mr. Bidwell Beetles, to kill Begonia Prestoniensis Books noticed Botanic Garden, Glasnevin, fete in Calendar, horticultural ---- agricultural Celery, to blanch, by Mr. Bennett Chopwell Wood Digger, Samuelson's Drainage, land Farming on Dartmoor Fences, land occupied by Fir, miniature Scotch, by Mr. McPherson Forests, royal Fruit, to pack Grapes, to pack ---- at Chiswick Grape mildew Grasses for lawns Grubbers or scufflers Horticultural Society's garden Law of fixtures Lawn grasses Lisianthus Russellianus Lycoperdon Proteus, by Mr. Richardson Mangold Wurzel Manuring, liquid, by Professor Hay Mildew, grape Newbury Horticultural Show Packing fruit Peaches, to pack Pear disease (with engraving) Pelargoniums, to bed out ---- window Poultry literature Rhubarb wine Root crops Roots, best size of, by Mr. Hamilton Royal Botanic Gardens Scufflers or grubbers Seeding, thin Societies, proceedings of the Horticultural, Agricultural of England Turnip crops Wine, rhubarb

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE and AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE contains, in addition tothe above, the Covent Garden, Mark Lane, Smithfield, and Liverpool prices, with returns from the Potato, Hop, Hay, Coal, Timber, Bark, Wool, and SeedMarkets, and a _complete Newspaper, with a condensed account of all thetransactions of the week_. 

ORDER of any Newsvender. OFFICE for Advertisements, 5. Upper WellingtonStreet, Covent Garden. London. 

 * * * * *

ARCHÆOLOGICAL INSTITUTE

OF

Great Britain and Ireland. 

ANNUAL MEETING, CHICHESTER, 1853. 

PATRONS. His Grace the Duke of Norfolk, Earl Marshal, K. G. His Grace the Duke of Richmond, K. G. , Lord Lieutenant of Sussex, and CustosRotulorum. The Lord Bishop of Chichester, D. D. 

PRESIDENT. The Lord Talbot de Malahide, M. R. I. A. 

PRESIDENTS OF SECTIONS. _History. _--The Earl of Chichester. _Antiquities. _--The Hon. Robert Curzon, Jun. _Architecture. _--The Very Rev. The Dean of Chichester. 

The ANNUAL MEETING will commence at CHICHESTER on TUESDAY next, July the12th. 

All persons who propose to communicate Memoirs, or to send Antiquities, &c. , for Exhibition, are requested to make known their intention forthwith. 

 GEO. VULLIAMY, Sec. _26. Suffolk Street, Pall Mall. _

 * * * * *

MADVIG'S GREEK SYNTAX, BY ARNOLD AND BROWNE. 

In square 8vo. , price 8s. 6d. 

SYNTAX OF THE GREEK LANGUAGE, especially of the Attic Dialect, for the Useof Schools. By PROFESSOR MADVIG. Translated from the German by the REV. H. BROWNE, M. A. , and edited by the REV. T. K. ARNOLD, M. A. , late Rector ofLyndon, and formerly Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. With an Appendixon the GREEK PARTICLES, by the Translator. 

RIVINGTONS, St. Paul's Church Yard, and Waterloo Place. 

 * * * * *

ARNOLD'S EDITIONS OF THE GREEK DRAMAS, WITH ENGLISH NOTES. 

Just published, price 3s. 

THE MEDEA of EURIPIDES; with ENGLISH NOTES, from the German of Witzschel. Edited by the REV. THOMAS KERCHEVER ARNOLD, M. A. , late Rector of Lyndon, and formerly Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. 

RIVINGTONS, St. Paul's Church Yard, and Waterloo Place. 

Recently published in this Series:

1. EURIPIDIS BACCHÆ, 3s. --HIPPOLYTUS, 3s. --HECUBA, 3s. 

2. SOPHOCLIS OEDIPUS COLONEUS, 4s. --OEDIPUS TYRANNUS, 4s. --PHILOCTETES, 3s. --AJAX, 3s. --ANTIGONE, 4s. 

3. ECLOGÆ ARISTOPHANICÆ. (CLOUDS), 3s. 6d. --(BIRDS), 3s. 6d. 

 * * * * *

Now ready, with Woodcuts, Post 8vo. , 10s. 6d. 

THE STORY OF CORFE CASTLE, and of many who have lived there. Collected fromAncient Chronicles and Records; also from the Private Memoirs of a Familyresident there in the Time of the Civil Wars, which include variousparticulars of the Court of Charles I. , when at York, and afterwards atOxford. By the RIGHT HON. GEORGE BANKES, M. P. 

JOHN MURRAY, Albemarle Street. 

 * * * * *

THE GENTLEMAN'S MAGAZINE for JULY, 1853, being the First of a New Volume, contains:--1. Memoirs of Thomas Moore. 2. Wanderings of an Antiquary, fromYork to Godmanham (with Engravings). 3. Female Novelists. 4. A PoliticalCaricature, temp. Charles I. 5. A Midland Town (Leicester) in the Reign ofGeorge III. , and Mr. Gardiner's Anecdotes of T. Moore. 6. Historical Noteson the Retaining of Counsel. 7. Roman Antiquities found at Kingsholm, nearGloucester. 8. Remains of Norman Cross at Birstall, co. York (with anEngraving). 9. The Bourne Stream near Croydon. 10. Dr. Guest on theEtymology of Stonehenge. Correspondence of Sylvanus Urban: The Itinerary ofRichard of Cirencester. --The Roches and Viscounty of Fermoy. --Recentrepairs of Lambeth Church. --Early state of St. James's Park. --Postmen, temp. Charles I. , &c. &c. With Notes of the Month, Reviews of NewPublications, Historical Chronicle, and OBITUARY, including Memoirs of theEarl of Ducie, Lord Dacre, Sir John Hope, Bart. , Sir Charles A. Elton, Bart. , Lt. -Gen. Sir R. Arbuthnot, Vice-Adm. Sir F. Mason, Sir Richard B. Comyn, Culling C. Smith, Esq. , J. L. Dampier, Esq. , Ludwig Tieck, &c. Price2s. 6d. 

NICHOLS & SONS, 25. Parliament Street. 

 * * * * *

Now ready, price 4s. 6d. By Post, 5s. 

THE PRACTICE OF PHOTOGRAPHY. A Manual for Students and Amateurs. By PHILIPDELAMOTTE, F. S. A. Illustrated with a Photographic Picture taken by theCollodion Process. This Manual contains much practical information of avaluable nature. 

JOSEPH CUNDALL, 168. New Bond Street. 

 * * * * *

Printed by THOMAS CLARK SHAW, of No. 10 Stonefield Street, in the Parish ofSt. Mary, Islington, at No. 5. New Street Square, in the Parish of St. Bride, in the City of London; and published by GEORGE BELL, of No. 186. Fleet Street, in the Parish of St. Dunstan in the West, in the City ofLondon, Publisher, at No. 186. Fleet Street aforesaid. --Saturday, July 9, 1853. 

 * * * * *

Corrections made to printed original. 

page 25, "awe, auge, ave, campus": 'campres' in original (Errata, Issue194). 

page 26, "the Coptic iaro": 'iars' in original (Errata, Issue 194). 

page 28, "connecting the following words with one another": 'word' inoriginal. 

page 35, "any other source than those": 'that those' in original. 

page 36, "the regularity of the petals. ": 'irregularity' in original(Errata, Issue 194).