Volume II, No. 6 Bulletin No. 10 OHIO BIOLOGICAL SURVEY THE ASCOMYCETES OF OHIO IV THE LECIDEACEAE By BRUCE FINK THE ASCOMYCETES OF OHIO V THE PELTIGERACEAE By LEAFY J. CORRINGTON Published byTHE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITYCOLUMBUS, 1921 THE ASCOMYCETES OF OHIO IV[A] The Lecideaceae. BRUCE FINK. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS It was stated in the second paper of this series that the disposition ofthe _Lecideaceae_ in an early paper of the series would show what slightchanges are needed in treating lichens as we treat other ascomycetes. Itis hoped that this paper has accomplished this in phraseologyintelligible to those acquainted with the present-day language ofsystematic mycology. The _Lecideaceae_ form a well-defined family of lichens, the affinitiesof which seem plainly marked. In apothecial structure, and so far asknown, in structure of the sexual reproductive areas, the family seemsto be closely related to the mainly non-lichen _Patellariaceae_ and tosuch lichens as the _Gyalectaceae_, the _Lecanactidaceae_, the_Collemaceae_, the _Baeomycetaceae_, and the _Cladoniaceae_. Following the commonly-accepted theory that the lichens have beenevolved from non-algicolous fungi, the origin of the _Lecideaceae_ andrelated lichens from _Patellaria_-like ancestors is a reasonablesupposition, though the relative rank of the various related familiesnamed in the last paragraph is not easy to decide. Within the_Lecideaceae_, the line of evolution seems to have been in the directionof a well-developed exciple and from simpler to more complex spores. With the advance in these two directions has gone a slightly increaseddevelopment of the thallus. In structure, the thallus is crustose, and the thalli vary frominconspicuous, evanescent conditions to those which are conspicuous andsometimes even subsquamulous. Rarely the thallus extends upward as aveil which surrounds the apothecia laterally and suggests how thethalloid exciple of higher families probably arose. As usual in crustoseforms, the thalli are composed of hyphae which are densely disposedtoward the upper, exposed surface and more loosely disposed toward thelower surface (Fig. 2). The apothecial evolution passes from forms with weak, light-coloredexciples and soft texture (Fig. 10) to those with strong, dark exciples, which are firm in texture (Fig. 11). The superficial apothecialcharacters are so much alike in many of the species that one cannotalways feel certain even of the genus of unfamiliar forms until he hasstudied them microscopically. The paraphyses are commonly distinct in young apothecia, but in matureapothecia they are usually more or less gelatinized and coherent. Insome of the species, they become so gelatinized that they form ahomogeneous mass about the asci, in which the individual paraphyses areno longer discernible. When distinct, the paraphyses are sometimesbranched, most commonly toward their apices (Fig. 1 and 12). There is great diversity with respect to spore development, the wholerange of spore structure, from minute, simple, hyaline spores to thosewhich are large, brown, and muriform being found within the family(Figs. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 13). This condition makes it appearquite possible that the family may be polygenetic. The genus, _Biatorella_, contains non-lichen forms and is probably as awhole more closely related to the _Patellariaceae_ than to the_Lecidiaceae_. However, our two species, both of which are lichens, areherein admitted to the latter family. Through one or more species withlarger spores than are usually found in this genus, _Biatorella_approaches _Lecidea_. Starting with _Lecidea_, we have a natural seriesin spore development with intermediate conditions difficult to place. The series runs thus: _Lecidea_ with simple hyaline spores (Fig. 3);_Biatorina_ with two-celled, hyaline spores (Fig. 4); _Bilimbia_ withseveral-celled, hyaline spores, not much narrowed (Fig. 5); and_Bacidia_ with several-celled, hyaline, acicular spores (Fig. 6). _Buellia_ and _Rhizocarpon_ are aberrant genera, brown-spored, andclosely related among themselves (Figs. 8, 9, and 13). Through_Buellia_, the two genera are related to _Rinodina_ of the_Physciaceae_. The two aberrant genera are like other members of the_Lecideaceae_ with respect to thallus development and general apothecialcharacters, the aberrancy being with respect to the spores, on whichaccount the two genera are placed in another family, the _Buelliaceae_, by some workers, perhaps with sufficient reason. The algal host is _Pleurococcus_-like (Fig. 2, c) in nearly all speciesof the _Lecideaceae_; but the host cells are so hypertrophied anddistorted that their generic rank is often difficult to ascertain, except by cultivation outside of the lichen thallus. The algal-hostcells are few in number in some of the species and are sometimes absentduring a portion of the life history of the lichen. The host is usuallyfound throughout the superficial portions of the thallus, except nearthe upper surface, from which portion the algae are usually absent, except in a dead or dying condition, difficult to detect. The writer has collected the _Lecideaceae_, with other fungi, in ButlerCounty for fifteen years, and has worked for the Ohio Biological Surveyin Preble, Warren, Highland, Fairfield, Adams, Hocking, and Lakecounties. Besides these collections made by the writer, a few specimenswere examined from Champaign, Hamilton, Wayne, Morgan, Madison, Muskingum, Franklin, Vinton, and Summit counties. Of the 37 speciestreated in this paper, 24 had not been reported from Ohio previously. [Footnote A: Contributions from the Botanical Laboratory of MiamiUniversity. --XVIII] _Systematic Account. _ LECIDEACEAE Thallus crustose, without plectenchymatous cortex (Fig. 2, a), varyingfrom granulose and often evanescent to conspicuous, areolate, or evensubsquamulose conditions, attached to the substratum by hyphal rhizoids(Fig. 2, d), and in a few instances extending up as a veil andsurrounding the apothecia laterally, the hyphae densely interwoventoward the upper surface, but more loosely disposed below (Fig. 2, a andb); apothecia usually minute or small, commonly rounded, the excipleweak and obscure (Fig. 10, d), or more strongly developed whenconspicuous and much darker in color (Fig. 11, b); hypothecium varyingfrom hyaline to dark brown (Fig. 10, b and Fig. 11, c); hymenium almostalways lighter and commonly hyaline (Figs. 10 and 11, a); paraphysesusually simple, but branched forms to be found frequently (Figs. 1 and12), pale throughout or darkened toward the sometimes enlarged apex, commonly more or less coherent and indistinct at maturity; spores simpleand hyaline to muriform and brown (Figs. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and13). KEY TO THE GENERA Spores minute, numerous in each ascus _Biatorella_, p. Spores larger, usually 8 in each ascus, Spores hyaline. Spores one-celled (simple) _Lecidea_, p. Spores more than one-celled (compound). Spores 2-celled _Biatorina_, p. Spores 4- to several-celled. Spores ellipsoid, fusiform, or dactyloid _Bilimbia_, p. Spores acicular _Bacidia_, p. Spores brown, or becoming brown. Spores 2-celled _Buellia_, p. Spores 4-celled and becoming muriform _Rhizocarpon_, p. Biatorella De Not. Giorn. Bot. Ital. 21. 192. 1846. Thallus granulose to verrucose and subareolate, sometimes inconspicuousand evanescent; apothecia minute to middle-sized, adnate or more or lessimmersed, exciple usually prominent and persistent, but sometimesbecoming covered, disk flat to convex; hypothecium and hymenium pale tobrown; spores simple, hyaline, minute, numerous in each ascus. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF BIATORELLA The whole apothecium dark colored 1. B. _simplex_The disk of the apothecium white-pruinose 2. B. _pruinosa_ 1. Biatorella simplex (Dav. ) Br. & Rostr. Bot. Tidssk. 3: 241 1869. _Lichen simplex_ Dav. Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. 2: 283 pl. 28. F. 2. 1794. Thallus thin and smooth or thicker and roughened, sometimes subareolate, ash-white to green-gray and darkening, rarely disappearing; apotheciaminute to middle-sized, 0. 2 to 0. 8 mm. In diameter, adnate, scatteredor crowded, rounded or variously irregular, black but usually dark redwhen damp, flat or slightly convex, the thin exciple raised andpersistent; hypothecium light or darker brown; hymenium pale or tingedbrown; paraphyses semi-distinct to coherent-indistinct; ascicylindrico-clavate; spores oblong-ellipsoid, 3 to 5 mic. Long and 1 to1. 5 mic. Wide. Collected in Butler, Adams, Montgomery, Hocking, and Ross counties. Onlimestone. Not previously reported from Ohio, but probably frequentwhere there is limestone, though inconspicuous and easily overlooked. 2. Biatorella pruinosa (J. E. Smith) Mudd Man. Brit. Lich. 191. 1861. _Lichen pruinosus_ J. E. Smith in Sowerby, Eng. Bot. 32: pl. 2244 1811. Thallus light colored, usually thin and smooth, rarely disappearing;apothecia minute to middle-sized, 0. 2 to 1 mm. In diameter, adnatescattered or crowded, flat or slightly convex, the disk pruinose, andthe exciple persistent; hypothecium lighter or darker brown; hymeniumusually pale; paraphyses coherent and becoming indistinct; ascicylindrico-clavate; spores oblong-ellipsoid, 3 to 5 mic. Long and 1 to1. 5 mic. Wide. Collected in Butler and Adams counties. On limestone. Not previouslyreported from Ohio, but often occurring with the last in limestoneareas. Lecidea Ach. Meth. Lich. XXX. 32. Pl. 2. F. 1, 2. 1803. Thallus smooth, roughened, or verrucose, in some species chinky toareolate, or even subsquamulose, rarely rudimentary and evanescent;apothecia minute to middle-sized, usually adnate, but rarely sessile orimmersed, with pale to black, and flat to strongly convex disk; excipleand hypothecium from pale to dark brown in section; hymenium lighter, most commonly pale; spores simple, hyaline, 8 in each ascus. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF LECIDEA Exciple soft, usually light colored. Apothecia usually surrounded by a thalloid veil 1. L. _coarctata_ Apothecia not surrounded by a thalloid veil. Exciple becoming covered. Hypothecium pale or pale yellow. Apothecia always minute. Spores 5 to 7 mic. Long 2. L. _intropallida_ Spores 7 to 15 mic. Long 3. L. _varians_ Apothecia reaching middle size 4. L. _rupestris_ Hypothecium light-brown to dark brown. Thallus gray-green or lighter 5. L. _viridescens_ Thallus darker from the first or becoming so. Thallus minute and evanescent 6. L. _humicola_ Thallus well developed and persistent. Thallus of raised granules 7. L. _uliginosa_ Thallus of flat granules 8. L. _sylvicola_ Exciple persistent 9. L. _flexuosa_Exciple horny, dark colored. Disk usually convex, commonly on wood 10. L. _enteroleuca_ Disk flat or less commonly convex, on rocks. Disk usually white- to rusty-green-pruinose 11. L. _albocaerulescens_ Disk black, scarcely pruinose 12. L. _platycarpa_ 1. Lecidea coarctata (J. E. Smith) Nyl. Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. 21: 358. 1856. _Lichen coarctatus_ J. E. Smith in Sowerby, Eng. Bot. 8: pl. 534. 1789. Thallus of minute, scattered or clustered, rounded, angular, or minutelyand irregularly crenate, green-gray, pale brown, or more commonlyash-white granules, sometimes passing into a subcontinuous, chinky orareolate crust; apothecia minute to small, 0. 2 to 0. 4 mm. In diameter, adnate, from flesh-colored to black, commonly concave or flat, sometimesdifform, frequently surrounded laterally by a thalloid veil; hypotheciumand hymenium pale to pale brown; paraphyses distinct; asci clavate orcylindrico-clavate; spores ovoid to ellipsoid, 13 to 23 mic. Long and 7to 10 mic. Wide. Collected in Lake, Ross, Hocking, and Preble counties. Also examinedfrom Lawrence County. On rocks and old bricks. Not previously reportedfrom Ohio. Widely distributed in the State, but rare, except in LakeCounty, where this fungus was unusually common. 2. Lecidea intropallida sp. Nov. Thallus a continuous, smooth or slightly roughened, ash-gray anddarkening crust; apothecia minute, 0. 15 to 0. 25 mm. In diameter, adnateor partly immersed, flesh-colored to yellow-brown, flat to slightlyconvex, the concolorous and inconspicuous exciple soon covered;hypothecium and hymenium pale; paraphyses sometimes distinct, but morecommonly coherent-indistinct; asci clavate; spores simple, hyaline, ellipsoid, 5 to 7 mic. Long and 2. 5 to 3 mic. Wide. Collected near Painesville in Lake County. On pebbles in a moist wood. The type specimen is deposited in the writer's herbarium, and a cotypemay be seen in the State Herbarium. 3. Lecidea varians Ach. Syn. Meth. Lich. 38. 1914. Thallus of very minute, raised or flattened, green-gray to yellow-greengranules, these forming a thin but continuous, smooth orgranulate-rugose, often chinky crust, usually bordered and oftendecussated by black lines; apothecia minute, 0. 12 to 0. 25 mm. Indiameter, often clustered or even conglomerate, adnate, from pale yellowto brown and finally black, flat with a thin exciple to convex withcovered exciple; hypothecium pale to pale yellow; hymenium pale below, but often yellow or blue-violet above; paraphyses usually coherent, distinct or indistinct; asci clavate; spores oviod-ellipsoid, 7 to 15mic. Long and 5 to 7. 5 mic. Wide. Collected in Adams County. On maple bark. Also reported from FranklinCounty. The plant is so minute and inconspicuous as to be very difficultto detect and is probably distributed widely in the State. 4. Lecidea rupestris (Scop. ) Ach. Meth. Lich. 70. 1803. (See Fig. 10). _Lichen rupestris_ Scop. Fl. Carn. Ed. 2. 2: 363, 364. 1772. Thallus a continuous, moderately thick, smooth or more or lessroughened, often chinky to subareolate, ash-gray, yellow-green, ordarkening crust; apothecia small to large, 0. 4 to 1. 3 mm. In diameter, at first immersed but becoming adnate, yellow to yellow or red-brown, flat to strongly convex and the exciple covered; hypothecium pale orpale yellow; hymenium pale; paraphyses coherent, semi-distinct toindistinct; asci clavate; spores ellipsoid, 10 to 15 mic. Long and 5 to7 mic. Wide. Collected in Adams Country. On calcareous rocks. Not previously reportedfrom North America. 5. Lecidea viridescens (Schrad. ) Ach. Meth. Lich. 62. 1903. _Lichen viridescens_ Schrad. Spic. Fl. Germ. 88. 1794. Thallus of very minute, smooth or deliquescent and powdery, ash-grey togrey-green granules, spread over the substratum as a thin or rarelythicker crust; apothecia minute to small, 0. 2 to 0. 5 mm. In diameter, adnate, frequently clustered or even conglomerate, becoming black, fromflat with the thin livid or darker exciple visible to convex with theexciple covered; hypothecium pale or darker brown; hymenium pale to palebrown; paraphyses coherent, semi-distinct to indistinct; asci clavate;spores oblong-ellipsoid, 9 to 12 mic. Long and 4 to 5. 5 mic. Wide. Collected on Little Mountain in Lake County, and in Hocking County. Onlogs in woods. Not previously reported from Ohio, and probably rare inthe State. 6. Lecidea humicola (Ach. ) comb. Nov. _Lecidea uliginosa humicola_ Ach. Meth. Lich. 43. 1903. Thallus of very minute inconspicuous and evanescent, brown-blackgranules; apothecia minute, 0. 2 to 0. 4 mm. In diameter, adnate, darkbrown to black, scattered or clustered, plain with a thin concolorousexciple visible, to convex with the exciple finally covered; hypotheciumdark brown; hymenium pale brown; asci clavate; paraphysescoherent-indistinct; spores oblong-ellipsoid, 9 to 15 mic. Long and 5 to7 mic. Wide. Collected in Hocking County. On soil in a moist wood. Not previouslyreported from North America. 7. Lecidea uliginosa (Schrad. ) Ach. Meth. Lich. 43. 1803. _Lichen uliginosus_ Schrad. Spic. Fl. Germ. 88. 1794. Thallus of scattered, clustered, or even heaped, irregular and minute, green-olive to rust-brown, or even brown-black, somewhat raised andrarely coralloid granules, these forming a scattered or continuouscrust; apothecia minute to small, 0. 2 to 0. 4 mm. In diameter, closelyadnate or more or less immersed, often clustered, brown to black-brown, flat with the thin lighter-colored or black exciple visible, or becomingstrongly convex, with the exciple finally covered; hypothecium light ordarker brown; hymenium tinged yellow or brown; paraphyses closelycoherent, but usually remaining distinct; asci long-clavate; sporesoblong-ellipsoid, 8 to 14 mic. Long and 4 to 7 mic. Wide. Collected in Preble, Butler, Warren, Adams, Fairfield, and Lakecounties. On dead wood. Widely distributed in Ohio. 8. Lecidea sylvicola Koerb. Syst. Lich. 254. 1855. Thallus of minute, irregular, somewhat flattened or more rarelyhemispherical, green-gray, olive-brown, or darker granules, theseforming a thin, continuous, or rarely scattered, subleprose, verrucose, or even subareolate, wide-spread crust; apothecia minute to small, 0. 2to 0. 5 mm. In diameter, adnate or rarely more or less immersed, darkbrown to black, flat to convex, the black exciple soon becoming covered;hypothecium brown to black-brown; hymenium pale or tinged brown;paraphyses coherent, semi-distinct to indistinct; asci clavate; sporesellipsoid, 5 to 9 mic. Long and 2. 5 to 4 mic. Wide. Collected in Lake, Ross, Preble, Hocking, and Butler counties. Onvarious rocks. Not previously reported from Ohio, and apparently new toAmerica under this name. Widely distributed in Ohio. For possible relationship to _Lecidea myriocarpoides_ Nyl. See "TheLichens of Minnesota" (Cont. Nat. Herb. 14: 74. 1910). 9. Lecidea flexuosa (Fr. ) Nyl. Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. 21. 356. 1856. _Biatora flexuosa_ Fr. Vet. Akad. Handl. 1822: 267. 1822. Thallus of small or minute, flattened or rugose, scattered or clustered, ash-grey to green-gray granules, these bursting into sorediate heaps, orforming a moderately thick, areolate crust; apothecia minute to small, 0. 2 to 0. 4 mm. In diameter, adnate, black, and flat, the thin, livid ordarker, persistent exciple becoming flexuous; hypothecium pale or darkerbrown; hymenium tinged brown; paraphyses coherent, semi-distinct toindistinct; asci cylindrico-clavate; spores oblong-ellipsoid, 5 to 10mic. Long and 3 to 5 mic. Wide. Collected in Preble, Adams, Ross, and Butler counties. On dead wood. Notpreviously reported from Ohio, and rare, though probably distributedwidely in the State. The spores are slightly below normal size in our specimens. 10. Lecidea enteroleuca Ach. Lich. Univ. 177. 1810. Thallus thin or becoming moderately thick, smooth or more oftengranulate, chinky or areolate, the granules or verrucae rarely becomingheaped in the thicker forms, ash- to green-gray, occurring in roundedareas, or irregularly and often widely spread over the substratum;apothecia minute to middle-sized, 0. 35 to 1. 2 mm. In diameter, adnate, black, flat to more commonly convex, the frequently flexuous excipleoften becoming covered; hypothecium pale to dark brown; hymenium palebelow, but usually more or less colored above; paraphyses distinct, butoften more or less coherent; asci clavate; spores ovoid-ellipsoid, 8 to17 mic. Long and 5 to 9 mic. Wide (Fig. 3). Collected in Lake, Adams, and Hocking counties. On bark and rocks. Notpreviously reported from Ohio. Rare, but doubtless distributed widely inthe State. 11. Lecidea albocaerulescens (Wulf. ) Schaer. Lich. Helv. Spic. 3: 142. 1828. _Lichen albocaerulescens_ Wulf. In Jacq. Coll. Bot. 2: 184. Pl. 5. F. 1. 1788. Thallus smooth or somewhat rough, more or less chinky or becomingobscurely small-areolate, ash- to green-gray, or becoming olivaceous, spreading over the substratum as a continuous, moderately thick crust;apothecia small to large, 0. 5 to 1. 5 mm. In diameter, adnate or more orless immersed, usually flat, almost always white or rusty-greenpruinose, the black exciple rarely becoming covered; hypothecium brownto black-brown; hymenium commonly pale; paraphyses distinct, but usuallycoherent; asci clavate to inflated-clavate; spores ovoid-ellipsoid, 15to 24 mic. Long and 7 to 10 mic. Wide. Collected in Preble, Hocking, and Lake counties. Also examined fromLawrence County. On rocks other than calcareous. Not previously reportedfrom Ohio. Rare, but apparently distributed widely in the State. 12. Lecidea platycarpa Ach. Lich. Univ. 173. Pl. 2. F. 5. 1810. Thallus a thin, obscurely or more or less plainly roughened, usuallychinky to subareolate, ash- to green-gray, continuous or more or lessscattered, sometimes disappearing crust; apothecia small to middle-sizedor even larger, 0. 4 to 1. 5 mm. In diameter, commonly scattered, brown-black to black, rarely and obscurely white-pruinose, adnate tosessile, rounded to flexuous, flat or finally convex, the raised exciplesometimes becoming covered; hypothecium dark brown; hymenium pale belowand colored above; paraphyses distinct or coherent-semidistinct; asciclavate; spores ovoid- to oblong-ellipsoid, 14 to 20 mic. Long and 6 to10 mic. Wide. Collected in Ross and Hocking Counties. On rocks. Not previouslyreported from Ohio. Biatorina Mass. Ric. Lich. 134. F. 262-271. 1852. Thallus commonly granulose, and often passing into verrucose and chinkyconditions, but scarcely ever areolate, sometimes scant and evanescent;apothecia usually minute or small, and commonly adnate, exciple weak andoften becoming covered; hypothecium and hymenium passing from palethrough shades of brown, the former becoming darker than the latter, this rarely tinged blue or violet above; spores hyaline, 2-celled. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF BIATORINA Growing on another lichen 1. B. _heerii_Growing on wood or on rocks. On old wood 2. B. _prasina_ On rocks. Exciple strong and seldom becoming covered 4. B. _chalybeia_ Exciple weak and usually becoming covered 3. B. _lentibularis_ 1. Biatorina heerii (Hepp) Fink Cont. Nat. Herb. 14: 83. 1910. _Biatora heerii_ Hepp, Spore Flecht. Eur. Pl. 16. F. 135. 1853. Thallus of very minute, rounded and frequently heaped granules, sometimes visible under a hand lens, but often seen only in sections ofthe substratum, rarely disappearing; apothecia minute, 0. 1 to 0. 3 mm. Indiameter, adnate to sessile, flesh-colored and blackening, flat toslightly convex, the concolorous or darker exciple commonly persistent;hypothecium and hymenium pale to light brown; paraphyses distinct tocoherent-indistinct; asci clavate; spores ellipsoid, 7 to 12 mic. Longand 3 to 3. 5 mic. Wide. Collected in Butler County. On the thallus of _Peltigera canina_. Notpreviously reported from Ohio. So minute as to be difficult to detect. Consequently nothing further is known of its distribution in the State. 2. Biatorina prasina (Fr. ) Fink Cont. Nat. Herb. 14: 84. 1910. _Micarea prasina_ Fr. Syst. Orb. Veg. 257. 1825. Thallus of minute, closely clustered or even heaped granules, theseforming a wide-spread, frequently subleprose, green-gray to dark-olivecrust; apothecia minute to small, 0. 2 to 0. 5 mm. In diameter, adnate, commonly carneous or darkening, more or less convex and usually becomingconvex with the exciple finally covered; hypothecium pale or pale brown;hymenium pale below and commonly darker above; paraphyses coherent, semi-distinct to indistinct; asci clavate; spores oblong-ellipsoid, 8 to12 mic. Long and 3. 5 to 5 mic. Wide. Collected on Little Mountain in Lake County. On a rotten log. Notpreviously reported from Ohio, and evidently rare in the State. Simple spores were seen in the specimens collected, but they weresupposed to be immature. 3. Biatorina lentibularis (Ach. ) Koerb. Syst. Lich. 191. 1855. _Lecidea lentibularis_ Ach. Syn. Meth. Lich. 28. 1814. Thallus a thin, smooth or subtartareous, rarely rimose-areolate, ash-white to brown-gray, wide-spread and continuous or finallydisappearing crust; apothecia minute to small, 0. 2 to 0. 5 mm. Indiameter, adnate, black, from flat becoming convex and often irregular, the inconspicuous exciple then becoming covered; hypothecium pale todarker brown; hymenium pale or tinged brown; paraphyses distinct tocoherent-indistinct; asci clavate; spores oblong-ellipsoid, 8 to 11 mic. Long and 2. 7 to 4 mic. Wide. A single collection was made in Highland County. On exposed calcareousrocks. Not previously reported from Ohio, and doubtless rare in theState. An occasional 4-celled spore was seen, a transitional characterpreviously noted by Th. M. Fries. The plant is closely related to thenext below, from which it may not be distinct. 4. Biatorina chalybeia (Borr. ) Mudd, Man. Brit. Lich. 180. 1861. _Lecidea chalybeia_ Borr. In Sowerby, Eng. Bot. Suppl. 1: pl. 2687. F. 2. 1831. Thallus a thin, smooth or roughened, ash-gray and darkening crust, forming a continuous layer, becoming inconspicuous and rarelydisappearing; apothecia minute to small, 0. 3 to 0. 5 mm. In diameter, adnate to sessile, concave to slightly convex, black, the excipleconcolorous, prominent, and rarely becoming covered; hypothecium darkbrown; hymenium pale below and pale brown above; paraphyses wide andstrong, distinct to coherent-indistinct; asci clavate; sporesoblong-ellipsoid, 8 to 12 mic. Long and 3. 5 to 4. 75 mic. Wide (Fig. 4). Collected in Butler County. On calcareous rocks. Not previously reportedfrom Ohio, and probably rare in the State. The spores are somewhat larger than in European specimens. Bilimbia De Not. Giorn. Bot. Ital. 21: 190. 1846. Thallus usually composed of minute granules, these often run together toform a leprose or verrucose and rarely areolate or even subsquamulosecrust, rarely disappearing; apothecia minute or small, usually adnate, with a weak and often covered exciple; hypothecium pale to dark brown;hymenium pale or tinged brown; spores hyaline, usually fusiform ordactyloid, varying from 4- to 9-celled. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF BILIMBIA On rocks. Apothecia and spores smaller 5. B. _microcarpa_ Apothecia and spores larger 6. B. _trachona_On other substrata. On mosses 2. B. _hypnophila_ On wood or bark. Spores becoming more than 4-celled 3. B. _naegelii_ Spores not more than 4-celled. Apothecia flesh-colored to dark brown 1. B. _sphaeroides_ Apothecia black 4. B. _melaena_ 1. Bilimbia sphaeroides (Dicks. ) Koerb. Syst. Lich. 213. 1855. Lichen sphaeroides Dicks. Pl. Crypt. Brit. 1: 9. Pl. 2. F. 3. 1785. Thallus of minute, gray-green, often heaped granules, these forming acontinuous, thin or thicker crust; apothecia minute to small, 0. 2 to 0. 4mm. In diameter, adnate, flesh-colored to red-brown, flat to convex andsubglobose, the inconspicuous, concolorous exciple soon covered;hypothecium and hymenium pale; paraphyses usually coherent-indistinct;asci clavate; spores fusiform-ellipsoid, 4-celled, 12 to 20 mic. Longand 4 to 6 mic. Wide. Collected on Little Mountain, in Lake County. On a rotten log in a wood. Rare in Ohio, and its distribution unknown. The plant is typical internally, but is young with small, flat orslightly convex, light-colored apothecia. 2. Bilimbia hypnophila (Ach. ) Th. Fr. Nov. Act. Reg. Soc. Sci. Ups. III. 3: 283. 1861. _Lecidea hypnophila_ Ach. Lich. Univ. 199. 1810. Thallus of minute, usually crowded, sometimes confluent granules, theseforming an ash- or green-gray, thin, leprose or subgranulose, sometimesscattered and disappearing crust; apothecia minute to middle-sized, 0. 2to 0. 75 mm. In diameter, light brown to black, adnate to sessile, scattered or clustered, becoming strongly convex and the exciplebecoming covered; hypothecium pale or darker brown; hymenium pale, ortinged brown below and more plainly brown above; paraphyses coherent, semi-distinct to indistinct; asci clavate or long-clavate; sporesellipsoid to fusiform, 4- to 8-celled, 16 to 35 mic. Long and 4 to 8mic. Wide. Collected in Preble, Hocking, and Adams counties. Over mosses on rocksor bases of trees; or rarely on rocks, soil, bark, or wood. Notpreviously reported from Ohio, and not a common fungus in the State. 3. Bilimbia naegelii (Hepp) Zwackh. Flora. 45: 505. 1862. _Biatora naegelii_ Hepp, Spor. Flecht. Eur. Pl. 4. F. 1. 19. 1853. Thallus of usually flattened granules, these commonly running togetherto form a moderately thin, more or less roughened, often chinky, ash- orgreen-gray, or darkening, limited or rarely wide-spread crust; apotheciaminute to middle-sized, 0. 2 to 0. 9 mm. In diameter, adnate or rarelysessile, flesh-colored to dark brown, scattered or clustered, flat withthe thin exciple visible to strongly convex with the exciple covered;hypothecium pale or tinged brown; hymenium pale throughout or tingedbrown above; paraphyses coherent, semi-distinct to indistinct; asciclavate; spores fusiform-ellipsoid, 4- to 8-celled, 18 to 25 mic. Longand 3 to 4 mic. Wide. Collected in Highland County. On bark. Not previously reported fromOhio, and doubtless rare in the State. The usual width given for the spores is 4 to 6 mic. , and our plant isplaced here provisionally. 4. Bilimbia melaena (Nyl. ) Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. 383-385. 1871. _Lecidea melaena_ Nyl. Bot. Not. 1853: 182. 1853. Thallus of minute, olive-green to black-brown granules, these forming athin, granulose or scurfy, sometimes disappearing crust; apotheciaminute to small, 0. 25 to 0. 55 mm. In diameter, black-brown to black, sessile, occurring singly or in clusters, strongly convex to subglobose, the exciple soon covered; hypothecium pale brown to red-brown; hymeniumpale or tinged brown; paraphyses coherent, semi-distinct to indistinct;asci clavate to inflated-clavate; spores oblong-ellipsoid or dactyloid, 2- to 4-celled, 12 to 22 mic. Long and 4 to 6 mic. Wide. Collected in Lake County. On an old log in a wood. Not previouslyreported in Ohio, and rare in the State. Nylander called the apothecium pale within, but forms with red-brownhypothecia are admitted by later writers. 5. Bilimbia microcarpa Th. Fr. Bot. Not. 1863: 8. 1863. _Bilimbia obscurata microcarpa_ Th. Fr. Nov. Act. Soc. Sci. Ups. III. 3:183. 1861. Thallus of minute ash-gray or green-gray granules, these rarely forminga thin or moderately thick, subcontinuous, verrucose crust, but moreoften scattered or disappearing entirely; apothecia minute to small, 0. 25 to 0. 7 mm. In diameter, scattered or conglomerate, dirty brown toblack, soon becoming convex and subglobose, with the pale exciple thencovered; hypothecium pale to pale red-brown; hymenium pale; asci clavateto inflated-clavate; paraphyses coherent-indistinct; spores fusiform, 4-celled, 16 to 25 mic. Long and 4 to 6 mic. Wide. Collected in Hocking County. On shaded sandstone. Not previouslyreported from North America. 6. Bilimbia trachona (Ach. ) Oliver Lich. France 38, 39. 1903. _Verrucaria trachona_ Ach. Meth. Lich. Suppl. 16. 1803. Thallus thin and granular, passing into smooth or leprose conditions, thence to thickened and subareolate states, ash-colored to darkbrown-green, usually continuous over considerable areas; apotheciaminute to middle-sized, 0. 4 to 0. 1 mm. In diameter, from brown-blackwith lighter exciple to wholly black, adnate or somewhat immersed, flator finally convex with the exciple at length covered; hypothecium palebrown to black-brown; hymenium pale or rarely pale brown; paraphysesdistinct to coherent semi-distinct; asci clavate; sporesfusiform-dactyloid, 4-celled, 12 to 20 mic. Long and 2. 5 to 4. 5 mic. Wide (Fig. 5). Collected in several localities in Preble, Highland, and Adams counties. On rocks, usually limestone. Also reported from Cuyahoga and Ottawacounties. Not common, but doubtless distributed widely in the State. Bacidia De Not. Giorn. Bot. Ital. 2: 189. 1846. Thallus granulose, passing into chinky, verrucose, subareolate andsubsquamulose conditions, seldom or never disappearing; apothecia minuteto large, adnate or rarely immersed more or less, exciple usually weakand becoming covered; hypothecium commonly some shade of yellow orbrown; hymenium pale to light brown; spores hyaline, acicular, varyingfrom 4- to 16-celled, often curved or variously twisted, usually 8 ineach ascus. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF BACIDIA On rocks. Spores hamate or spirally twisted 7. B. _umbrina_ Spores straight or only slightly curved. Thallus ash- or green-gray 5. B. _inundata_ Thallus olive or darker 1. B. _egenuloidea_On bark. Spores less than 40 mic. In length 6. B. _incompta_ Spores 40 to 70 mic. Long. Apothecia flesh-yellow to red-brown 2. B. _rubella_ Apothecia brown to black. Apothecia usually brown with a striate, usually pruinose margin 3. B. _fuscorubella_ Apothecia usually black Of dark brown, without striate and pruinose margin 4. B. _schweinitzii_ 1. Bacidia egenuloidea sp. Nov. Thallus of minute, crowded granules, forming a rather thick, conspicuous, rugose and obscurely chinky, dirt-olive and darkening, wide-spread crust; apothecia minute to small, 0. 25 to 0. 4 mm. Indiameter, yellow-brown and darkening, adnate-sessile, flat with anelevated, darker exciple; hypothecium and hymenium pale or tinged brown;paraphyses coherent, semi-distinct; asci clavate; spores hyalineobscurely several-celled, variously curved, 25 to 40 mic. Long and 0. 75to 1. 25 mic. Wide. Collected in Preble County. On granite in a damp field near WestAlexandria. The type specimen is deposited in the writer's herbarium, and a cotype may be found in the State Herbarium. 2. Bacidia rubella (Hoffm. ) Mass. Ric. Lich. 118. F. 231. 1852. _Verrucaria rubella_ Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. 2: 174. 1795. Thallus of minute, scattered or crowed granules, these frequentlybecoming compacted into a subleprose or more or less verrucose orchinky, ash- to green-gray, moderately thick or thinner, continuous orsometimes scattered and disappearing crust (Fig. 2); apothecia small tolarge, 0. 5 to 1. 35 mm. In diameter, sessile to adnate, flesh-yellow tored-brown, flat with a rather thick and lighter-colored exciple, orbecoming convex with the exciple finally covered; hypothecium paleyellow to brown; hymenium pale yellow; paraphyses coherent, semi-distinct to indistinct; asci long clavate; spores about 8- to16-celled, 45 to 65 mic. Long and 3 to 4 mic. Wide. Collected in Butler, Highland, Adams, and Preble counties. Also examinedfrom Franklin County. On bark. Widely distributed in Ohio, but notcommon. 3. Bacidia fuscorubella (Hoffm. ) Arn. Flora 54: 55. 1871. _Verrucaria fuscorubella_ Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. 2: 175. 1795. Thallus of minute, crowded or scattered granules, these forming ausually conspicuous and often rugose and chinky, green-gray or darker, frequently wide-spread, rarely disappearing crust; apothecia small tolarge, 0. 6 to 1. 5 mm. In diameter, pale to darker brown and finallyblack, adnate or sessile, flat with an elevated, and sometimestransversely striate, and usually pruinose exciple, less frequentlybecoming convex with the exciple rarely becoming covered; hypotheciumyellow to yellow-brown; hymenium pale yellow; paraphyses coherent, semi-distinct to indistinct; asci long-clavate; spores about 7- to14-celled, 40 to 70 mic. Long and 3 to 5 mic. Wide. Collected in Butler and Adams counties. Also reported from Champaign andHamilton counties. On bark. This fungus appears to be rare in Ohio. In one specimen, some of the disks are partly or wholly pruinose, butthe plant seemed nearer to this than to _Bacidia suffusa_ (Fr. ) Fink. 4. Bacidia schweinitzii (Tuck. ) Fink Cont. Nat. Herb. 14: 89. 1910. _Biatora schweinitzii_ Tuck. In Darl Fl. Cestr. Ed. 3. 447. 1853. Thallus thin and inconspicuous, or becoming thick and more prominent, composed of rounded and often crowded or even heaped granules, thesefrequently compacted into a continuous or scattered, verrucose and oftenchinky, green-gray to olivaceous crust; apothecia small to large, 0. 6 to1. 75 mm. In diameter, dark brown to black, adnate or sessile, flat orslightly convex, the concolorous or lighter exciple frequently becomingflexuous; hypothecium pale yellow to dark brown; hymenium pale yellow;paraphyses coherent, distinct to semi-distinct: asci long-clavate;spores about 7- to 15-celled, 40 to 70 mic. Long and 2. 5 to 3. 5 mic. Wide. Collected in Fairfield, Hocking, and Adams counties. On bark. Evidentlya rare fungus in Ohio. 5. Bacidia inundata (Fr. ) Koerb. Syst. Lich. 187. 1855. _Biatora inundata_ Fr. Vet. Akad. Handl. 1822: 270. 1822. Thallus of minute granules, these usually compacted into a thin orrarely thicker, granulate, chinky, or subareolate, ash- or green-gray ordarkening, commonly wide-spread, continuous or scattered crust;apothecia minute to middle-sized, 0. 2 to 0. 75 mm. In diameter, palebrown to finally black, adnate or rarely more or less immersed, usuallyflat and bordered by the commonly lighter colored exciple, rarelybecoming convex, the exciple then finally covered; hypothecium pale tobrown; hymenium pale to pale brown; paraphyses coherent, semi-distinctto indistinct; asci clavate to long-clavate, spores 4- to 8-celled, 15to 40 mic. Long and 1. 5 to 2. 6 mic. Wide. Collected in Butler, Preble, Highland, Adams, Warren, and Lake counties. On various rocks in shaded or open moist places, and also about themoist shaded bases of rocks in dry fields. Also reported from Cuyahogacounty and doubtless common in all parts of the State. 6. Bacidia incompta (Borr. ) Anzi. Cat. Lich. Sondr. 70. 1860. _Lecidea incompta_ Borr. In Sowerby, Engl. Bot. Suppl. 2: pl. 2699. 1834. Thallus of very minute granules, these forming a continuous or more orless broken, wide-spread, sometimes thick and rugose or rarely evensubareolate, or again thin, smooth, more or less mealy, light or darkergreen-gray, rarely disappearing crust; apothecia minute to middle-sized, 0. 3 to 0. 75 mm. In diameter, dark brown to black, adnate tosub-sessile, flat or becoming convex, with a thin and frequentlyflexuous exciple; hypothecium pale brown to brown; hymenium pale belowand pale brown above; paraphyses coherent, semi-distinct to indistinct;asci long-clavate; spores 4- to 12-celled, 18 to 35 mic. Long and 1. 5 to3 mic. Wide. Collected in Adams County. On bark. Not previously reported from Ohio, and doubtless rare in the State. 7. Bacidia umbrina (Ach. ) Br. & Rostr. Bot. Tidssk. 3: 235. 1869. _Lecidea umbrina_ Ach. Lich. Univ. 183. 1810. Thallus a rather thick and continuous, or rarely thinner and scattered, subleprose, chinky, rugose-granulate or subareolate, green-gray to darkolive-brown, sometimes largely disappearing crust; apothecia minute tosmall, 0. 25 to 0. 6 mm. In diameter, light brown to black, adnate tosomewhat immersed, at first flat with a commonly paler exciple, becomingconvex with the exciple sometimes covered; hypothecium pale or darkerbrown; hymenium pale throughout, or tinged brown above; paraphysescoherent, semi-distinct to indistinct; asci long-clavate, orinflated-clavate; spores hamate, or more or less spirally twisted, about4- to 8-celled, 18 to 30 mic. Long and 2 to 3 mic. Wide (Fig. 7). Collected in Preble, Lake, Hocking, and Adams counties. Also examinedfrom Wayne County. On various rocks. Not previously reported from Ohio, but evidently distributed widely in the State. Buellia De Not. Giorn. Bot. Ital. 21: 195. 1846. Thallus granulose, verrucose, or areolate, rather better developed thanthose of the preceding genera as shown in the more frequent verrucoseand areolate conditions; apothecia minute to large, sessile to immersed, the disk and the exciple usually black; hypothecium usually brown;hymenium pale to light brown; paraphyses usually distinct; spores brown, 2-celled. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF BUELLIA On rocks 3. B. _turgescentoides_On wood, or on bark. On dead wood 1. B. _myriocarpa_ On bark 2. B. _parasema_ 1. Buellia myriocarpa (Lam. & DC. ) Mudd. Man. Brit. Lich. 217. 1861. _Patellaria myriocarpa_ Lam. & DC. Fl. Ed. 3. 2: 346. 1805. Thallus a thin and scurfy, smooth or chinky, or thicker androughened-verrucose, ash- to green-gray, or darkening crust, irregularlyspread over small areas, and rarely disappearing; apothecia minute tosmall, 0. 2 to 0. 6 mm. In diameter, often numerous, black, adnate, flatand bordered by an exciple, or becoming convex with the exciplesometimes covered; hypothecium dark brown; hymenium pale, or pale belowand pale brown above; paraphyses distinct, but sometimes looselycoherent; asci clavate; spores oblong-ellipsoid, 7 to 16 mic. Long and 4to 7. 5 mic. Wide. Collected in Butler and Lake counties. On dead wood, especially postsand boards. Also reported from Cuyahoga County. An inconspicuous fungus, doubtless distributed widely in the State. 2. Buellia parasema (Ach. ) Koerb. Syst. Lich. 228. 1855. _Lichen parasemus_ Ach. Lich. Suec. 64. 1798. Thallus usually continuous and smooth, but sometimes becoming thickerand roughened, granulate, chinky, or finally areolate, ash- togreen-gray, and darkening, or even yellow-green, usually bordered whollyor in part by a black margin; apothecia small to large, 0. 4 to 1. 3 mm. In diameter, black, adnate to sessile, or rarely more or less immersed, flat with a prominent, concolorous, sometimes flexuous exciple, orsometimes becoming convex, with the exciple often covered (Fig. 11);hypothecium dark brown; hymenium pale below and pale brown above;paraphyses distinct (Fig. 12), but sometimes loosely coherent; asciclavate (Fig. 13), or rarely inflated clavate; spores oblong toellipsoid, 10 to 18 mic. Long and 5 to 9 mic. Wide, rarely 3-celled(Fig. 13). Collected in Fairfield, Lake, Adams, Highland, Hocking, and Butlercounties. Also examined from Morgan, Madison, and Muskingum counties. Onbark. Generally distributed in Ohio. 3. Buellia turgescentoides sp. Nov. Thallus a thick, continuous or scattered, flat or verrucose, areolate orsubareolate, dull olive-brown, and darkening crust, covering small areasor spreading widely over the substratum, the marginal areoles sometimeslobulate; apothecia minute to small, 0. 2 to 0. 5 mm. In diameter, immersed to adnate, scattered or clustered, black, flat with the thinconcolorous exciple visible, or convex with the exciple covered;hypothecium pale or darker brown; hymenium pale; paraphyses stout, distinct, but often loosely coherent; asci clavate or inflated-clavate;spores brown, 2-celled, oblong to oblong-ellipsoid, 8 to 13 mic. Long, and 4 to 6 mic. Wide, 8 in each ascus. Collected in Lake County. On exposed igneous rocks. The type specimen isdeposited in the writer's herbarium, and a cotype may be found in theState Herbarium. This species is a coarser plant than _Buellia turgescens_ (Nyl. ) Tuck. , with much stronger, darker thallus and apothecia on the whole larger. Rhizocarpon Ram. In Lam. & DC. Fl. Fr. Ed. 3. 2: 365. 1805. Thallus usually verrucose, areolate or subareolate, tending towardsquamulose conditions, better developed than in other members of thefamily, scarcely ever showing granulate conditions, and neverdisappearing entirely; apothecia also larger than in the other genera, adnate to immersed, usually black, but rarely white-pruinose;hypothecium usually dark brown; hymenium pale to light brown; spores4-celled to muriform, and pale to brown, various conditions of septationand coloration sometimes appearing in the same hymenium. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF RHIZOCARPON On bark 2. R. _alboatrum_On rocks. Spores smaller and 4-celled 1. R. _vernicomoideum_ Spores larger and becoming muriform 3. R. _petraeum_ 1. Rhizocarpon vernicomoideum sp. Nov. Thallus of minute, rounded, scattered or sometimes clustered, straw-colored granules, covering small areas, and usually resting on andlimited wholly or in part by a black hypothallus; apothecia minute tosmall, 0. 2 to 0. 6 mm. In diameter, black, semi-immersed to adnate, atfirst flat with a thin somewhat raised exciple, becoming convex with theexciple finally covered; hypothecium brown; hymenium pale or tingedbrown below and light brown above; paraphyses coherent, distinct orsemi-distinct; asci clavate; spores brown, 4-celled, becoming slightlyconstricted at the septa, 15 to 18 mic. Long and 5 to 7 mic. Wide, 8 ineach ascus. Collected at Cantwell Cave in Hocking County. On shaded sandstone, intermingled with an ash-gray, crustose thallus, which appeared like asterile _Pertusaria_. The type specimen is deposited in the writer'sherbarium, and a cotype may be seen in the State Herbarium. The plant resembles _Buellia vernicoma_ Tuck. 2. Rhizocarpon alboatrum (Hoffm. ) Th. Fr. Nov. Act. Reg. Soc. Sci. Ups. III. 3: 337. 1861. _Lichen alboater_ Hoffm. Lich. Icon. 30. 1784. Thallus ash-gray varying toward white, commonly spread widely over thesubstratum as a continuous or rarely scattered or disappearing, smooth, chinky, verrucose-areolate, or sometimes mealy crust: apothecia small tomiddle-sized, 0. 35 to 1 mm. In diameter, adnate or immersed, dull blackand often more or less white-pruinose, flat with the black exciplevisible, or convex when the exciple often becomes covered; hypotheciumbrown to black-brown; hymenium pale or tinged brown; paraphysesdistinct, but sometimes coherent; asci clavate; spores oblong-ellipsoid, brown, 4-celled to muriform, 12 to 22 mic. Long and 4 to 9 mic. Wide(Fig. 8), 8 in each ascus. Collected in Butler, Preble, Ross, and Highland counties. On bark, especially elm bark. Also reported from Ottawa County. Rare butdoubtless distributed widely in the State. 3. Rhizocarpon petraeum (Wulf. ) Koerb. Syst. Lich. 260. 1855. _Lichen petraeus_ Wulf. In Jacq. Coll. Bot. 3: 4. Pl. 6. F. 2a. 1789. Thallus an ash or green-gray crust, or varying toward brown orbrown-black, smooth to more commonly roughened, chinky to areolate, continuous or scattered, of moderate thickness, often widely andirregularly disposed on the substratum; apothecia small to large, 0. 5 to1. 3 mm. In diameter, immersed to adnate, black-brown to black, flat withthe concolorous exciple visible, or becoming somewhat convex, with theexciple often covered; hypothecium dark brown; hymenium pale, or tingedbrown, especially above; paraphyses coherent, semi-distinct; asciclavate or inflated-clavate; spores oblong-ellipsoid, 4-celled tomuriform, hyaline to finally brown, 15 to 40 mic. Long and 7 to 18 mic. Wide. 8 in each ascus (Fig. 9). Collected in Lake, Hocking, and Ross counties. Also examined fromSummit, Vinton, and Ashtabula counties. On rocks. Rare but widelydistributed in the State. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIII Fig. 1. Five paraphyses of _Rhizocarpon alboatrum_ to illustrate typesof simple and branched forms found in the same hymenium. X 450. Fig. 2. A section of the thallus of _Bacidia rubella_ and two cells ofthe woody substratum: a, the upper densely interwoven portion of thethallus; b, part of the less densely interwoven portion below; c, thealgal-host cells; d, one of the cells of the woody substratum and threehypal rhizoids within it. X 450. Fig. 3. Spores of _Lecidea enteroleuca_ to illustrate the simple, hyaline type. X 760. Fig. 4. Spores of _Biatorina chalybeia_ to illustrate the 2-celled, hyaline type. X 760. Fig. 5. Spores of _Bilimbia trachona_ to illustrate the several-celled, hyaline, fusiform or dactyloid type. X 760. Fig. 6. Spores of _Bacidia fuscorubella_ to illustrate theseveral-celled, hyaline, acicular type. X 760. Fig. 7. Spores of _Bacidia umbrina_ to illustrate the several-celled, hyaline, hamate or spirally twisted type. X 760. Fig. 8. Spores of _Rhizocarpon alboatrum_ to illustrate theseveral-celled to many-celled and muriform, hyaline to brown type. X760. Fig. 9. Spores of _Rhizocarpon petraeum_ of the same type as those shownin the last figure, but larger, and usually composed of more cells. X760. Fig. 10. A vertical section through an apothecium of _Lecidearupestris_: a, the hymenium, composed of asci and paraphyses; b, thehypothecium; c, the mycelium, the cells of the algal host, and particlesof the limestone on which the plant was growing; d, the weak, light-colored, covered exciple. X 79. Fig. 11. A vertical section through an apothecium of _Buellia parasema_, the thallus below, and a portion of the woody substratum: a, thehymenium, composed of asci and paraphyses; b, the strongly developed, dark colored exciple; c, the dark colored hypothecium; d, the thallus, composed of interwoven hyphae, and enclosing cells of the algal host, aportion of the woody substratum. X 79. Fig. 12. One branched and one unbranched paraphysis of _Buelliaparasema_. X 450. Fig. 13. An ascus of _Buella parasema_, containing 8 spores. X 450. The figures were outlined with camera lucida and drawn on the table, close to the base of the microscope, 100 mm. Below the stage. They were reduced one-half in making the plate. Figures 2, 10, and 11 are partly diagrammatical. [Illustration: PLATE XIII. ] THE ASCOMYCETES OF OHIO V[B] The Peltigeraceae. LEAFY J. CORRINGTON. Two genera, _Peltigera_ and _Nephroma_, constitute the _Peltigeraceae_as represented in the flora of Ohio. The thallus is plainly foliose withthe margins of the lobes usually ascending and is gray-green to brown incolor. The lower surface is often conspicuously veined. There are twopronounced distinctions between the two genera. _Peltigera_ has awell-developed cortex on the upper side of the thallus only (Fig. 1), while in _Nephroma_ there is a well-developed cortex on both upper andlower sides (Fig. 2). The position of the apothecia constitutes another distinction. In bothgenera the apothecia are marginal or submarginal on the lobes, which areusually narrow and somewhat extended; but in _Peltigera_ they areimmersed in the upper surface, while in _Nephroma_ they are imbedded inthe lower surface. _Peltigera_ furnishes seven species for Ohio, while only one species of_Nephroma_ has thus far been found in the State. The algal hosts are usually _Dactylococcus_ or _Polycoccus_, and bothhosts are sometimes found in the same thallus. The chains of cells areusually badly broken up, and the nature of the algal host is, therefore, difficult to distinguish. Other algae doubtless sometimes occur in thethalli of _Peltigerae_. _Nephroma_ with cortex on both sides, is to be regarded higher than_Peltigera_, which has the cortex on the upper side only. The family ismost closely related to the _Stictaceae_, from which family it is keptdistinct on account of the absence of cyphellae and the difference indisposition of the apothecia. The collecting on which this paper is based was partly by Bruce Fink inconnection with general collecting of fungi in Butler County and incollecting in Adams, Warren, Fairfield, Preble, Ross, Highland, and Lakecounties for the Ohio Biological Survey. However, a considerable amountof material found by other collectors and previously reported from Ohiowas examined. Hence, the collecting for the Ohio Biological Survey addedlittle to knowledge of the _Peltigeraceae_ of Ohio, except in way ofaddition to distribution in the State. [Footnote B: Contributions from the Botanical Laboratory of MiamiUniversity--XIX] _Systematic Account. _ PELTIGERACEAE Thallus foliose, with plectenchymatous cortex above (Fig. 5), or bothabove and below (Fig. 2), with medulla of loosely interwoven hyphae, trichomatic hyphae, usually present, attached to the substratum bycompound rhizoids; apothecia of considerable size, commonly on extendedlobes, usually imbedded in the tissues on the upper side, or more rarelyon the lower side; exciple inconspicuous; hypothecium usually light ordarker brown; hymenium usually pale below and brown or tinged brownabove; paraphyses simple or branched, distinct, seldom gelatinized orcoherent; spores hyaline or brown, 4- to several-celled, elongated. KEY TO THE GENERA 1. Cortex developed on the upper side of thallus only, spores hyaline Peltigera. 2. Cortex developed on both upper and lower sides of thallus, spores brown Nephroma. _Peltigera Willd. Fl. Berol. Prodr. 347. 1787. _ Thallus foliose, usually adnate toward the center, with the lobes moreor less ascending at the margins, green-gray varying toward brown, theupper surface sometimes bare, or again clothed with trichomatic hyphae, giving it a downy appearance, or bearing cephalodia or isidioidbranchlets, the lower surface usually conspicuously veined, with tuftedrhizoids descending from the veins, color of these light or dark; crosssection showing two distinct layers, the upper plectenchymatous cortexcomposed of 2 to 4 layers of meshes, and the medulla, composed ofdensely interwoven and irregularly disposed hyphae; lower cortexlacking, but the hyphae of the lower portion in some instances more orless horizontally arranged and produced into hyphal rhizoids, thusserving for support and protection much like a true plectenchymatouscortex; apothecia usually orbicular, frequently revolute, imbedded inthe upper surface of the lobes; exciple plectenchymatous (Fig. 4);hypothecium of interwoven hyphae, usually tinged brown; hymeniumcommonly pale below and brown above; paraphyses usually simple, but somebranched ones present in all of the species, hyaline in the main, butusually enlarged and tinged brown at the apex; asci usuallycylindrico-clavate; spores hyaline, fusiform to acicular, sometimescurved, 4 to 8-celled, 8 arranged parallel in the asci. The algal host cells lie in the medulla, just below the upper cortex. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF PELTIGERA Upper surface of the thallus bearing cephalodia 1. P. AphthosaUpper surface of the thallus devoid of cephalodia. Thallus bearing trichomatic hyphae above. Upper surface bearing isidioid branchlets or lobules 2. P. Praetextata Upper surface devoid of isidioid branchlets or lobules. Orbicular sorediate areas on the upper surface of the thallus 3. P. Sorediata Soredia lacking on the upper surface. Lower surface of the thallus of light color 4. P. Canina Lower surface partly or wholly dark 5. P. Rufescens Thallus devoid of trichomatic hyphae. Apothecia orbicular and revolute, spores 4- to 8-celled 6. P. Polydactyla Apothecia usually transversely oblong, spores 4-celled 7. P. Horizontalis 1. Peltigera aphthosa (L. ) Willd. Fl. Berol. Prodr. 347. 1787. _Lichen aphthosus_ L. Sp. Pl. 1148. 1753. Thallus closely attached to the substratum at the center, the lobesascending, 6 to 8 cm. In diameter, smooth and devoid of trichomatichyphae above, cephalodia more or less rounded and irregularly scatteredover the surface (Fig. 3), the lobes broad and rounded with crenatemargins, brown above, the lower surface having numerous veins, theseforming a dark brown nap at the center, the veins distinct and lighttoward the margin, dark rhizoids extending from the veins; medullacomposed of thick-walled, densely interwoven hyphae, irregularlydisposed; apothecia on extended lobules, orbicular and frequentlyrevolute, the disk red-brown, 2 to 5 mm. In diameter, the margin entireor crenulate; hypothecium pale brown; hymenium hyaline to pale brownabove; asci cylindrico-clavate; spores acicular, straight, 4- to6-celled, 47 to 66 mic. Long and 4 to 5 mic. Wide (Fig. 8, d). Examined from Clark County. Also reported from Champaign County. Onearth and often on humus-covered rocks. Rare in Ohio. 2. Peltigera praetextata (Sommerf. ) Fink. Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. 1918:267. 1918. _Peltigera ulorrhiza praetextata_ Sommerf. Lapp. Suppl. 123. 1826. Thallus adnate toward the center, more or less ascending toward themargins, 7 to 15 cm. In diameter, the upper surface having isidioidbranchlets or lobules scattered more or less thickly, the lobes broad, wavy, crenate, with frequently isidioid, lobulate margins, trichomatichyphae often present, usually green-gray toward the center, becomingbrown toward the margin, the lower surface light with numerous darkveins and bearing rhizoids of the same color, the veins and rhizoidsbecoming light colored toward the margin; medulla of densely interwovenand irregularly disposed hyphae; apothecia on narrow, somewhat extendedlobes, the disk brown to brown-black, revolute, 2 to 5 mm. In diameter, hypothecium light to darker brown; hymenium pale below and brown above;asci cylindrico-clavate; spores sub-fusiform to acicular, usuallystraight but sometimes slightly curved, 4- to 6-celled, 42 to 56 mic. Long and 3 to 5 mic. Wide. Examined from Franklin, Adams, Butler, Marion, Jefferson, and Preblecounties. On soil, old logs, and moss in woods. Not previously reportedfrom Ohio, but included under _Peltigera canina_ and _Peltigerarufescens_. Evidently widely distributed and frequent in the State, butseldom fruited. 3. Peltigera sorediata (Schaer. ) Fink comb. Nov. _Peltigera canina spuria sorediata_ Schaer. Enum. Lich. Eur. 21. 1850. Thallus small, composed of scattered lobes, these 1 to 4. 5 cm. Inlength, adnate with slightly ascending rounded, and crenate margins, theupper surface usually deep gray at the center, becoming lighter towardthe margin, thickly covered with trichomatic hyphae, orbicular sorediateareas scattered over the upper surface, the lower surface ash-white tocream-colored, with a network of veins of the same color, with similarlycolored rhizoids extending downward; medulla of small, denselyinterwoven and irregularly extending hyphae; apothecia somewhatdigitately clustered on the narrow lobes, small, 1. 3 to 3 mm. Indiameter, orbicular, flat or semi-revolute, dark brown; hypotheciumlight brown; hymenium hyaline below and brown above; asci long-clavate;spores acicular, 6- to 8-celled, 53 to 66 mic. Long and 3 to 3. 5 mic. Wide (Fig. 8, b). Examined from Butler and Lake counties. On damp earth and mossy rocks. Not previously reported from Ohio, and probably not widely distributedin the State. Surely rare. 4. Peltigera canina (L. ) Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. 2: 108. 1795. _Lichen caninus_ L. Sp. Pl. 1149. 1753. Thallus closely adnate toward center, the lobes more or less ascending, 6 to 15 cm. In diameter, the upper surface for the most part thicklycovered with trichomatic hyphae, generally giving it a downy appearanceunder the lens, the lobes numerous and usually broad and rounded, withentire or crenate and much crisped margins, usually green-gray butsometimes becoming brown, below almost white, netted with light brown orgray veins, these bearing rhizoids of the same color; medulla (Fig. 5)of densely interwoven and irregularly disposed hyphae; apothecia onnarrow, extended lobes, often erect, orbicular, usually revolute, 2 to 7mm. In diameter, the disk dark brown; hypothecium (Fig. 7) pale brown;hymenium (Fig. 6) pale below and brown above; asci long-clavate; sporesacicular, straight or sometimes curved, 4- to 8-celled, 30 to 65 mic. Long and 3 to 5 mic. Wide (Fig. 8, d). Examined from Butler, Franklin, Ashtabula, Green, Seneca, Summit, Lorain, Preble, Brown, and Adams counties. On soil or mosses in woods. Generally distributed and frequent in Ohio. 5. Peltigera rufescens (Neck. ) Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. 2: 107. 1795. _Lichen rufescens_ Neck. Meth. Musc. 79. 1771. Thallus closely adnate at the center with ascending lobes, 5 to 15 cm. In diameter, the upper surface smooth and devoid of trichomatic hyphaefor the most part, but the margins sometimes sparingly covered withthem, green-gray to brown, the lobes crowded, rather small with crenate, much crisped, elevated margins, the lower surface usually becoming darkbrown except at the margins, and thickly reticulated with brown veins, from these numerous rhizoids of similar color extending; medulla ofdensely interwoven variously disposed hyphae; apothecia numerous onnarrow, extending lobes, the disk brown to black-brown, revolute, 4 to 7mm. In diameter; hypothecium pale brown; hymenium hyaline to pale brownbelow and dark brown above; asci long-clavate; spores acicular, straightor curved, 4- to 8-celled, 45 to 68 mic. Long and 3. 5 to 5 mic. Wide. Examined from Butler, Preble, Clark, Adams, and Summit counties. Alsoreported from Champaign County. On earth and mosses, commonly abouttrees. Widely distributed in Ohio, but infrequent. 6. Peltigera polydactyla (Neck. ) Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. 2: 106. 1795. _Lichen polydactylon_ Neck. Musc. 85. 1771. Thallus adnate at the center with ascendant margins of the lobes, 6 to11 cm. In diameter, the upper surface smooth and shining, devoid oftrichomatic hyphae, the lobes broad with crisped, crenate margins, except those bearing the apothecia, these much narrower and moreelongated and usually digitately clustered, brown in color for the mostpart, the lower surface showing through a reticulation of dark veins assmall light-colored spots, numerous dark rhizoids extending downwardfrom the veins; medulla of densely interwoven and irregularly disposedhyphae; apothecia orbicular, and usually revolute, the disk dark brown, 3 to 10 mm. In diameter; hypothecium pale brown; hymenium pale below anddark brown above; asci clavate to cylindrico-clavate; spores acicular, straight or slightly curved, 4- to 6-celled, 42 to 70 mic. Long and 3 to4 mic. Wide. Examined from Clark, Fairfield, and Morgan counties. On earth. Rare inOhio. 7. Peltigera horizontalis (L. ) Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. 2: 107. 1795. _Lichen horizontalis_ L. Mant. Pl. 2: 132. 1771. Thallus mostly adnate, the margins scarcely ascending, 6 to 20 cm. Indiameter, the upper surface smooth and shining, devoid of trichomatichyphae, green-gray to brown, the lobes broad and rounded with entire orcrenate margins, the lower surface covered with numerous veins, thesegiving a dark coloration toward the center and becoming light coloredtoward the margins, numerous dark rhizoids extending down from theveins; medulla of thick-walled, densely and irregularly disposed hyphae;apothecia on somewhat narrowed lobes, transversely oblong orinfrequently orbicular, the disk red-brown, concave, 2 to 4 mm. Indiameter; hypothecium light brown; hymenium pale below and dark browntoward the upper surface; asci cylindrico-clavate; spores fusiform tolong-ellipsoid, straight to curved, 4-celled, 26 to 40 mic. Long and 5to 6. 5 mic. Wide. (Fig. 8 a). Examined from Lake and Fairfield counties. On earth and mossy rocks. Rare in Ohio. Nephroma Ach. Lich. Univ. 101. 521. Pl. 11. F. 1. 1810. Thallus foliose, but smaller and thinner than that of _Peltigera_, anddevoid of trichomatic hyphae, more or less closely attached to thesubstratum by rhizoids; cortex well developed on both upper and lowersides; medulla well developed (Fig. 2); apothecia confined to the lowerside of the thallus, marginal on narrow, slightly elongated lobes, thalloid margin persistent and crenate; hypothecium usually some shadeof brown; hymenium usually pale below and brown above; paraphysessimple or branched; spores brown, 4-celled, 8 in each ascus. The algal-host cells occur as in _Peltigera_. 1. Nephroma helvetica Ach. Lich. Univ. 523. 1810. Thallus adnate, rather closely attached to the substratum by numerousshort, hyaline, thick-walled rhizoids, irregular or sometimes orbicularin form, 6 to 10 cm. In diameter, green-gray to brown above, smooth orbearing tooth-like branchlets, narrowly and laciniately lobed, themargins of the lobes serrate or crenate, slightly ascending, beneathfinally tomentose, and brown or black-brown; plectenchymatous corticeswell developed above and below; medulla of narrow, thin-walled, densely, variously disposed hyphae; apothecia numerous, the disk red-brown toalmost black, 1. 3 to 3 mm. In diameter; hypothecium of interwovenhyphae, pale brown; hymenium pale brown below and darker above; asciclavate; paraphyses simple or branched, slightly swollen and brown atthe apex; spores brown, ellipsoid, 4-celled, 15 to 21 mic. Long and 5. 5to 8 mic. Wide. Examined from Butler and Champaign Counties. On trunks and mossy rocks. Rare and usually sterile in Ohio. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIV Fig. 1. A section through the thallus of _Peltigera canina_, showing thecortex above and the medulla below, the medullary hyphae of the lowerportion running in a somewhat horizontal direction. The algal cellsshaded. X 380. Fig. 2. A section through the thallus of _Nephroma helvetica_, showingthe cortices, upper and lower, and the mycelial medulla within. Thealgal cell shaded. X 760. Fig. 3. A section through a cephalodium of _Peltigera aphthosa_; a, thesurrounding cortex; b, the internal hyphae and the cells of the algalhost; c, the supporting hyphae from the thallus below. Partlydiagramatic. X 48. Fig. 4. A small portion of a section through the exciple of _Peltigeracanina_, showing the plectenchymatous structure. X 380. [Illustration: PLATE XIV. ] EXPLANATION OF PLATE XV Fig. 5. A section through the cortex of _Peltigera canina_, showing itsrelation to the medullary hyphae. X 760. Fig. 6. A portion of a section of the hymenium of _Peltigera canina_, showing two asci containing spores, two asci with protoplasmic contents, and five paraphyses. X 760. Fig. 7. A portion of a section through an apothecium of _Peltigeracanina_, showing part of the hymenium of interwoven hyphae below and thebases of three paraphyses above. X 760. Fig. 8. Types of spores found in the _Peltigeraceae_: a, 4-celled sporesof _Peltigera horizontalis_; b, 6- to 8-celled spores of _Peltigerasorediata_; c, 4-celled spores of _Peltigera aphthosa_; d, 4- to8-celled spores of _Peltigera canina_. X 380. The drawings were made with camera lucida and were reduced one-half in making the plates. [Illustration: PLATE XV. ] INDEX Bacidia, 345 Bacidia egenuloidea, 346 Bacidia fuscorubella, 346 Bacidia incompta, 347 Bacidia inundata, 347 Bacidia rubella, 346 Bacidia schweinitzii, 347 Bacidia umbrina, 348 Biatorella, 336 Biatorella pruinosa, 337 Biatorella simplex, 336 Biatorina, 341 Biatorina chalybeia, 341 Biatorina heerii, 343 Biatorina lentibularis, 342 Biatorina prasina, 342 Bilimbia, 343 Bilimbia hypnophila, 344 Bilimbia melaena, 344 Bilimbia microcarpa, 345 Bilimbia naegelii, 344 Bilimbia sphaeroides, 343 Bilimbia trachona, 345 Buellia, 348 Buellia myriocarpa, 348 Buellia parasema, 349 Buellia turgescentoides, 349 Lecideaceae, 336 Lecidea, 337 Lecidea albocaerulescens, 341 Lecidea coarctata, 338 Lecidea enteroleuca, 340 Lecidea flexuosa, 340 Lecidea humicola, 339 Lecidea intropallida, 338 Lecidea platycarpa, 341 Lecidea rupestris, 338 Lecidea sylvicola, 340 Lecidea uliginosa, 339 Lecidea varians, 338 Lecidea viridescens, 339 Nephroma, 358 Nephroma helvetica, 359 Peltigeraceae, 354 Peltigera aphthosa, 356 Peltigera canina, 357 Peltigera horizontalis, 358 Peltigera polydactyla, 358 Peltigera praetextata, 356 Peltigera rufescens, 357 Peltigera sorediata, 356 Rhizocarpon, 349 Rhizocarpon alboatrum, 350 Rhizocarpon petraeum, 350 Rhizocarpon vernicomoideum, 350 Bulletins Ohio Biological Survey I. Outline of Biological Survey Plan Syrphidae of Ohio by C. L. Metcalf $ . 50 II. Catalog of Ohio Vascular Plants by John H. Schaffner . 50 III. Botanical Survey of the Sugar Grove Region by R. F. Griggs . 50 IV. The Euglenoidina of Ohio by L. B. Walton . 50 V. The Ascomycetes of Ohio. --I by Bruce Fink The Ascomycetes of Ohio. --II by Bruce Fink and C. Audrey Richards . 50 VI. Qualities and Uses of the Woods of Ohio by Wm. R. Lazenby . 50 VII. The Physiographic Ecology of the Cincinnati Region by E. Lucy Braun . 50 VIII. The Tingitoidea of Ohio by Herbert Osborn and Carl J. Drake . 50 IX. The Grasses of Ohio by John H. Schaffner . 50 X. The Ascomycetes of Ohio. --IV and V by Bruce Fink and Leafy J. Corrington . 50