THE TALKING DEAF MAN:

or, A Method Proposed, Whereby He Who is Born Deaf, May Learn to Speak. 

By the Studious Invention and Industry of _John Conrade Amman_, an_Helvetian_ of _Shashuis_, Dr. Of Physick. 

Imprinted at _Amsterdam_, by _Henry Westein_, 1692. And now doneout of Latin into English, by _D. F. M. D. _ 1693. 

_London_, Printed for Tho. Hawkins, in _George-yard, Lumbard street_, 1694. 

Price bound One Shilling. 

_To his most Approved Good Friend Mr. PETER KOLARD, the Author, withall Submission, Dedicateth this his Treatise of the Talking Deaf Man. _

_My much honoured Friend_, This little endeavour, how small soever it be, is upon many Accountsdue to you; For besides that, the Truth of the matter here exposed, isto no one, (except my Self) more apparent, you did heap on me so manyFavours, whilst I abode in your House, upon account of teaching yourDaughter, and rendred me to be so much Yours, as no less could besufficient, than to erect a publick, and as much as in me lay, aneternal Monument of Gratitude to you. How great the Incredulity ofthis Age is, no Man almost knows better than your self; there havebeen, and still are, such as boldly deny, that it is possible to bringthe _Deaf_ to speak; others, though they should be admitted to beEye-Witnesses, yet would not stick to doubt still of the matter:Wherefore, what-ever it was that I performed to your Daughter, and tosome others, and by what Artifice I did it, I now ingenuously exposeto the Eyes of all the World. I heartily wish that they may so makeuse of this my labour, as that for the future, no more _Dumb_ Personsmay be found. 

In the number of these doubting Persons, you have confessed to me, that you your self had formerly been, until you had heard a certainMaiden, who before had been _Dumb_, talking with me at _Amsterdam_;perhaps I should have been so my self, if, when I was ignorant in thething, I had received narratively only, that some such thing wasperformed by another; wherefore I resolved rather to convince theIncredulity of Men (which now is accounted Prudence amongst most Men)of an Error, than to reprove them for their Rashness. 

It is now three Years since I first thought to make this my Methodpublick; but had I then done it, I should now have repented it, because in this Interval I have much more polished it; and rendered itmore easie by far; and as to what belongs to the practise thereof, more certain, yea, and all to that degree, as I dare confidentlyassert, that henceforth there shall be no _Deaf_ Person, (provided hebe of a sound Mind, and be not Tongue-tied, nor of an immature Age)who by my Instruction shall not in the space of two Months speakreadily enough. Perhaps also I shall hereafter repent, that I havepublished this small Treatise, as yet too immature; yet I had ratherconfess an Error, if I shall any where commit one, or in any futureEdition augment it, than wholly to pass it over in Silence; for if Ishould be snatcht away by a hasty Death, (even as a tender state ofHealth doth threaten me) I should not know how to render to God anAccount of the Talent committed to me, as he may require it of me. 

Nothing therefore remained, most Worthy Sir, than that I should begyour Pardon, that I have made bold thus to interrupt you in the midstof Affairs, which almost swallow you wholly up; but I believe you willthe more readily give it me, because this little Script may make myAbsence less troublesome to you, because, according to the preceptshere given, you yourself will be able to take care that your Daughtershall not only not forget all what she already knows, but more andmore accomplish them. However, I humbly beseech you, that him whom youhave begun to love, yea, though he be removed far from you, that youwill persist still therein, and to take upon your self as need shallrequire it, the Patronage of the Truth it self. Farewel, and be well. 

_J. Conrade Amman. _

_Dated from my Study_, Aug. 10th, 1692. 

 * * * * *

_To his Learned friends_ Richard Waller, _and_ Alexander Pittfield, _Esquires, of the_ Royal Society. 

_Gentlemen_, The holding of a Candle to the Sun is not more absurd, than thus topresent you with an _English_ Version of a _Latin_ Treatise. All whoknow you, know you to be Masters of not only most of the _European_, but also of the Learned Languages. But my excuse is, that what I havedone for the sake of English Readers, I expose under your learnedNames; the Subject-matter of which may be useful, and thereforeacceptable to your selves and others. However, I am willing todiscover my Ambitious aim herein, which is to let the World know whoare my Friends, and what Names may give Honour to mine. I know, thatseveral very considerable Members of that great Society, to which youso nearly relate, have already, both in Theory and Practise, acquainted the World with very remarkable things of this nature; andwhether what is here published, will in the least, either elucidate oradd to those already taught, and done by those very knowing persons, Ineither dare nor will determine; but if neither one nor the other behere found, yet it is sometimes grateful to us, to see how good andgreat wits do jump, and in such Circumstances as these no Man canaccount Store to be a Soare. _I_ have only this to further mention, that the _Author_ chose the _High-German_ Tongue to become hisexemplar, rather than any other Modern or Antique; it therefore isnecessary, that he who would put his Rules in practice in any otherLanguage, must observe a due Analogy in _mutatis mutandis_. Thus (myFriends) I have exposed both you and my self, if any blame happen, letthat be all mine, who (without your Knowledge and Concession) did thisIndignity to you, and to aggravate it, thus publickly to stile myself, Gentlemen, Your Cordial Friend and Servant, _Dan. Foot. _

 * * * * *

TO THE READER. 

Candid Reader, _In these few Pages, I expose to thee openly and ingenuously, by whatmeans I can learn the Deaf, (and because they were born so) the Dumbto speak articulately_, and easily to understand others also when theyare speaking, so as they may be able both to read, and to understand aBook, or Letter, and to discover their own Minds, either by Speach orWriting. 

How important a Benefit is this? How advantageous is the not hearingsupplied by this Art? If Envy, or the detestable greedy Desire ofGain_ _could have prevailed with me, I had retained this Art, as locktup in my own Breast. But alass! How miserable is the condition of theDeaf? How lame and defective is that Speach, which is performed bySigns and Gestures? How little are they capable to receive of thosethings which concern their eternal Salvation? Who doth notcommiserate_ _this sort of Persons? Who can refuse to help them by allmeans which are possible? For my part, I, by the help of God's Grace, will not only help them, but will make publick and vulgar what is bestto be done therein, yea, and have done so already, that they canunderstand others speaking, even with the softest_ Voice, _or ratherwhispering_. 

_This Doctrin will seem new and incredible to most Men, yet is notplainly altogether unheard of; for, as I heard, there have been some, who engaged themselves in this cure; but what they effected therein, Imust acknowledge is unknown to me; yea, I Religiously attest, thatbefore I did excogitate this Matter, I met not with the least__foot-step thereof in any Author. Notwithstanding, some there be, whoreject at first sight this Doctrin as fabulous; others, and thoseperhaps the same also; who when I shall have discovered to them themanner thereof, will cry, that they could do the same thing: I, for mypart; am not concerned at either of them, well knowing, that those whoare just in their_ _Estimation of things, will judge otherwise. 

When thou, by reading shalt arrive thus far (good_ Reader) _stop alittle (I pray thee) and use the liberty granted to every one, andattentively revolve in thy Mind, what thou thy self would'st do, ifsuch a case as this was committed to thy care. If so be thou shaltstfind out the right way, give God_ _thanks, and let it suffice, that Ihave admonished thee; if not, go on to read what follows, where thouwilt find it, with very little trouble. This very way is that, bywhich I taught_ Ehster Kolard, (_a young Virgin of great Hopes, theonly Daughter of Mr_ Peter Kolard, _who was born Deaf) not only toread, but also to speak readily, yea, and to_ _hold Discourse withothers and in a short time she profited so much, as to remember a manyQuestions and Answers in the Catechism, yea, and as far as her youngYears were capable, she understood the Sense of them also: Sherejoyced greatly when I told her, that I was willing to make thisMethod, by which she learned to speak, common_ to all. Friendly_Reader, _use and accept well these things; and if thou knowest anythings better, Candidly impart them, and make not thy self Ungrateful. Farewell. _

 * * * * *

An Advertisement to the _English Reader_. 

About 26 Years since, the Honourable, Learned, and Pious F. M. Baron of_Helmont_ caused to be published in Latin a small Treatise; wholly andfully to the same purpose, with what is here published: Which saidTreatise, entituled, _The Alphabet of Nature_, is now in Hand to beTranslated, and Publish'd in _English_; of which it was thought fithere to give thee this Notice. 

Thou art also (kind _Reader_) to be advertised, that there is verylately Translated into the _English_ a very learned Tract, entituled, _The Divine Being, and its Attributes_; demonstrated from the HolyScriptures, and Original Nature of things, according to the Principlesof the aforesaid F. M. Baron of _Helmont_. Written in _Low-Dutch_, by_Paulus Buchius_, Dr. Of Physick, &c. And Licensed according to Order, and are to be sold by _T. Howkins_, Bookseller, in _George-yard, Lumbard-Street_. 

THE TALKING DEAF MAN. 

CHAP. I. 

_An Inquiry into the Nature of a_ Voice, _and in what respect itdiffers from the Breath_. 

Let no Man presume, that he shall ever attain to this noble Art, if heremain Ignorant in what it is that the nature of the Letters, as wellin general, as special, doth consist; for it was this very thing whichgave occasion to the composing of this small Treatise: Wherefore, before I treat of the manner of instructing _Deaf_ Persons, I shallbring into examination, First, the material part of the _Letters_, viz. _Voice_ and _Breath_; Secondly, the _Letters themselves_, andtheir Differences: Thirdly, and Lastly, I will teach the _Practise_ ofthe Art. 

I have oftentimes heard from some Persons, that it was little beneatha Miracle, that God should give Men, to express the Thoughts of theMind, rather by Motions, which are effected by the Lips, the Tongue, the Teeth, &c. Than otherwise, and that so universally, that there isno Nation so Barbarous, no not excepting the _Hottentots_, whichcannot speak in a Language. But let (I pray) these Men consider, whatit is that Men rightly Instituted would have, whilst they mutuallytalk one with another; for they desire to open the most inwardRecesses of the Heart, yea, and to transfuse their own proper Lifeinto others, which thing cannot be more commodiously done, than bySpeaking; for there is nothing which floweth forth from us, whichcarrieth with it a more vivid Character of the Life, than our _Voice_doth; yea, in the _Voice_ is the _Breath_ of Life, part of whichpasseth into the _Voice_; for indeed the _Voice_ is the Child of theHeart, which is the Seat of the Affections, and of Desire. Hence itis, that sometimes we are not able to keep back the impetuous Motionsof the Affections; but _out of the abundance of the Heart, the Mouthspeaketh. _ Thus, when we desire something in our selves, and yet areafraid to express it, the Heart labours like a Woman with Child, andbecomes Anxious; but if we can pour it forth into the Bosom of aFriend, there presently ariseth great Tranquility, and we say, that wehave emptied our Hearts: Yea, so full is the _Voice_ of the Life, which immediately flows from the Heart, that to talk long, extreamlywearieth us; but especially the Sick, who oftentimes can scarce utterthree or four words, but they faint away. Therefore, to comprehendmuch in a few words, the _Voice_ is an Emanation from that verySpirit, which God breathed inth Man's Nostrils, when he Created him aliving Soul. Hence also, _The Word of God, the Son of God, theOmnipotence of God_, &c. Are in Holy Scripture oftentimes homonymous, or of the like, and same import. 

It is no wonder therefore, if _Voice_ be natural to a Man, though hebe _Deaf_, because _Deaf Men_ Laugh, Cry out, Hollow, Weep, Sigh, andWaile, and express the chief Motions of the Mind, by the _Voice_ whichis to an Observant Hearer, various, yea, they hardly ever signifie anything by Signs, but they mix with it some _Sound_ or _Voice_. Thus theExclamations of almost all Nations are alike; [_a_] is the _Sound_ ofhim chiefly, who rejoyceth; [_i_] of him who is in Indignation, andAngry; [_o_] of one in Commiseration, or Exclamation; not to mentionmany such other-like. 

Now I shall briefly declare, wherein the nature of the _Voice_consisteth, where it is formed, and how it is formed: I shall alsodiscover, together therewith, wherein is the difference betwixt_Voice_ and _Breath simply_, as what is in truth, of so much weight, that if it be unknown, some Deaf Persons cannot learn to speak, asshall be taught in the Third Chapter. Men ordinarily speak after twomanner of ways, viz. Either when they may be heard by any one, who isnot too far distant from them, and that is properly call'd _Voice_; orelse, when they speak privately in another's Ear, and then theypronounce a _Breath which is simple, but not Sonorous_. Deaf Men alsodo know a _Voice_ to be different from a _Simple Breath_; for they canspeak both ways, and I also have learned this Distinction partly fromthem. 

The Humane _Voice_ is Air, impregnated, and made Sonorous by theimpressed Character of the Life, or is such, as whilst it is inbreathing forth, doth smite upon the Organs of the _Voice_, so, as_they tremble thereupon_; for indeed, without this tremulous Motion, no _Voice_ is made: Yea, not only the _Larynx_, or Wind-pipe, doththereupon tremble, but the whole Skull also; yea, and sometimes _allthe Bones_ _of the whole Body_, which any one may easily find inhimself, by his applying his Hand to his Throat, and laying it on thetop of his Head. This trembling is very perceptible in most soundingBodies, and is (if I mistake not) owing for the most part to the_Springiness_ of the Air; which, did I not study to be brief, I couldmore fully explicate. Now the _Simple Breath_ is Air, breathed forthby the opening of the Mouth or Nostrils, simply, and without anysmiting on the parts, which rather exciteth a whispering than a sound. Hence is it, that Animals, whose Wind-pipe is cut beneath the Throat, do indeed render a _Breathing_, but no _Voice_; for the Tube of theWind-pipe is too large, and too smooth, than that the Air can strikeupon it any where; and being thus reflected on its self, it can alsoimprint a tremulous Motion on its neighbouring Bodies: This thePhysicians Pupils do know; who being about to dissect live Dogs, theycut their Throats, that they may not be troubled with their barking:For _Voice_ differs as much from a _Simple Breath_, as doth thathoarse Sound, which we excite, by rubbing the tops of our Fingers hardupon some Glass or Table, which is quite differing from that same_soft whistling Sound_, which is heard when we lightly rub with theHand the same Glass or Table. 

The _Voice_ therefore, as it is the _Voice_, is generated in the_Cartilages of the Wind-pipe_, then afterwards is formed into such orsuch _Letters_; but that it may become a lovely _Voice_, it'srequisite, that those Cartilages be _smooth_, and _lined with nomucous Matter_, else the _Voice_ will become Hoarse, and sometimes beutterly lost, viz. When they have lost their Springy power. 

For _Pipes_; and other _Wind-Instruments_ do most notably explain tous the nature of the _Voice_; for in them we see a certain _Voice_ or_Sound_ to be generated out of Simple Air, whilst it is as it were, rent in pieces, and forced into a tremulous Motion: Now, that in theseInstruments there is a little Tongue; or which is instead of a Tongue, the same in a Man is the _Epiglott_, or Cover of the _Wind-pipe_, andthe _Uvula_, or Pallate of the Mouth; but the rest of the _Cartilages_of the _Throat_, besides that, they contribute much to the making ofthe _Voice_, yet are they chiefly serviceable to it, in rendering itto be more flat, and more sharp, and that especially by the _Bone ofthe Tongue_, and the adjoyning Muscles: But I am unwilling to put fromthis Office the Muscles which are proper to the _Wind-pipe_; for theyall unanimously conspire to make the _Cleft of the Throat_ eitherwider, or narrower. But above all, here is that wonderful Faculty ofmodifying the _Voice_, according to Will and Pleasure; which, even as_Speech_ also, is not natural to us, but a Habite, contracted by longUse or Custom. Hence it is, that the Unskilful are not only Ignoranthow to Sing, but also cannot so much as imitate others who areSinging; so also such as are ignorant of any Language, do not only notunderstand others who are speaking that Language, but also do not knowhow presently to repeat that _Voice_ which they received by theirEars. 

Things principally requisite to the _Voice_, are, that the_Wind-pipe_, the former thereof be solid, dry, and of the nature of_Resounding_ Bodies. By this _Hypothesis_, two of the most Eminent_Phænomena's of the Voice_ are discovered; why the _Voice_ should thenat length become firm and ripe, when the Bones have attained untotheir full Strength, and due Hardness, which cometh to pass much aboutthe Years of ripe age, when the vital Heat, doth in a greater degreeexert itself: The other Phænomenon is _Hoarsness_ or an utter loss ofthe _Voice_, which is, when the _Cartilages_, or _Gristles of theThroat_, especially the _Epiglott_, or Coverlid of the _Wind-pipe_, islined or besmeared all over with a slimy Viscosity, whereby they losetheir _Elasticity_, or Springiness. Now these Symptoms of the _Voice_are also common to other _Wind-instruments_, when they become too muchmoistned by any vapourous wetting Air. The same reason also is to beassigned why the _Voice_ doth at last quite cease in those who havemade too long Harrangues, in speaking, and whose Jaws are quite driedwith an immoderate Heat; for in both these cases the top of the_Wind-pipe_ is covered over with a clammy _Tenacious Phlegm_. 

There remains yet two other Symptoms of the _Voice_, which I haveundertaken to explicate, viz. Why the _Voice_ sometimes leaps from one_Eighth_ to another; and, as it is rightly said by the VulgarExpression, that it is broken: and why, when we strive to make our_Voice_ either too sharp, or too flat, it at last plainly faileth us. As to the first, let us consider when and how it cometh to pass; andfirst, it's what principally happeneth to _Orators_, when theyendeavour to lift up their _Voice_ too high, or strongly; but how thiscometh to be, _Organ-pipes_, and the _Monochorde_, do teach us, _viz. _when some Impediment interposing, doth divide the _ordinary Sound_into two; if therefore those parts are equal, either of them is by one_Eighth_ more sharp than the former Sound, neither are theydistinguished from one another; but if they prove to be unequallydivided, then two _distinct Sounds_ are made at the same time, whereofone is flatter than the ether, and this is commonly called a _brokenVoice_: But why our _Voice_ should fail us, when we endeavour to makeit more sharp, or more flat than it ought to be, the reason is, because we strive either so to contract the _Cleft_ of the_Wind-pipe_, and to press the _Spout-like Cartilage_, by help of the_Bone of Tongue_, towards the _Epiglott_, that the going forth of the_Voice_, and of the _Breath_, may be precluded, or else, on thecontrary, because that the said _Cleft_, through the drawing down ofthe _Cartilages_, is so much widened, that the departing out of the_Breath_, finds no hinderance. 

But here I had almost forgot to compare the _more dry_, the _moremoist_, the _more solid_, and the _more thin_ Constitution of the_Larynx_, or _Wind-pipe_, which also make very much to the renderingthe _Voice_, to be either sharp, or flat. That same humming Noise, which _many flying Insects_ make, not so much by the Wings, (for whenthey are cut off, the humming still remains) as by a most swift andbrisk Motion of certain Muscles, hid in the Cavity of their Breasts, seems to have somewhat of an affinity to the _Voice_; wherefore Idesire the Learned to examine, whether those small _Muscles, which areproper to the Cartilages of the Wind-pipe_, cannot perform somewhatlike to that. 

Many more Particulars concerning the _Voice_ might yet further beinquired into, such as, how it is, that every one may be known by his_Voice_? How that _Sound_, which in Singing is called _Quavering_, or_Trilling_, by a peculiarity, is excited, &c, But seeing that thesethings do not properly respect the nature of the _Voice_, I, forBrevities sake, do omit them. 

CHAP. II. 

_Expounding the Nature of the_ Letters, _and the manner how they areformed_. 

Hitherto we have treated concerning the _Voice_ and _Breath_, and ofthe manner of the formation of both of them, in general; now let ussee how the said _Voice_ and _Breath_ are, as a fit Matter for them, framed into such or such _Letters_; for the _Voice_ and _Breath_ arealone the material part of _Letters_, but the form of them is to besought out from the various Configurations of those hollow Channels, thorough which they pass; _Letters_ therefore, not as they be certainCharacters, but as they are Pronounced or Spoken, are the _Voice_ and_Breath_, diversly Figured by the Instruments ordained for the Speech. 

But here we must be pre-admonished concerning the _Letters_; thatthere is a great Latitude almost amongst them all, and that one andthe same Character is not pronounced by one and the same Configurationof the Mouth, yea, in one and the same Language; thus [_a_] and [_e_]sometimes are sounded open, and sometimes close; also [_o_] hath itsown Latitude, so as many other Letters also may have; yea, as many asare the divers Modes, by which the _Voice_ and _Breath_ can beFigured, by the Organs of Speech; but the most easie, only, and themost Conspicuous are received by all Nations, whose number neveralmost exceedeth Twenty four, and have certain Characters annexed tothem: But seeing that these Characters are not every where pronouncedalike, yea, one and the same Letter sometimes is variously sounded byone and the same People, therefore I have made choice of the _GermanLetters_, which are of my Mother-Tongue, and the most _Simple_ of allLetters, to be examined in this place: in as much as they are for themost part sounded every where alike, their _Vowels_ are very _Simple_, and agreeable to the nature of the thing, the _Diphthongs_ compoundedof them, do retain the Nature of their compounding _Vowels_, becausethey are always heard pronounced in them, otherwise, than as it is inmost other Languages, which they stile living ones; for sometimes theymake their _Diphthongs_ out of the most _Simple Vowels_, as are [_au_][_ou_] [_ai_] amongst the _French_, and [_oe_] and [_eu_] amongst the_Dutch_, or else they have such improper _Diphthongs_, that scarceeither of their compounding _Vowels_ can be heard, such are [_oi_] ofthe _French_, and [_uy_] of the _Dutch_, not to mention more Examples, or else they are variously sounded according to their variousPlacings, so as if I were to teach some Deaf _French-man_, I wouldfrom the beginning teach him, not the _French_, but the _GermanLetters_, or else he would be plainly confounded. Nor is the state ofthe _Consonants_ in better case for the Pronunciation of some of them, is so very different, that there are scarce two Nations, whichpronounce the Character [_g_] after the same manner. 

But in the _German_ Alphabet, that which most disliketh me, is, theirOrder; which, in good truth, is none; because scarce two Letters ofthe same rank do follow mutually after one another, which would renderthe information of Deaf Persons to be so much the more difficult;wherefore I have reduced them into this following order, which seemedto me to be the most natural. 

 _a. E. I. J. Y. O. U. ä. ö. ü. M. N. Ng. L. R. H. G. Ch. S. F. V. K. C. Q. D. T. B. P. X. Z. _

To those who observe well, it will from this order alone, appear, thatI have divided this whole Alphabet into _Vowels_, _Semi-vowels_, and_Consonants_. The _Vowels_ are a _Voice_ or _Sound_ modified by avarious opening of the Mouth only, and are either _Simple_, orUniform, as _a. E. I. J. Y. O. U. W. _ Or else they are mixt, which outof two, do so melt down into one, as that they are pronouncedtogether, and are different from _Diphthongs_, in as much as their_Vowels_ are successively pronounced: Now these mixt _Vowels_, are ä. ö. ü. Which some Nations either have not at all, or else do write themevilly; but of the manner of Formation, more shall be said hereafter. 

The _Semi-vowels_ are a middle sort between the _Genuine Voice_, and a_Simple Breath_, and may at pleasure be brought forth in the manner as_Vowels_ are; and they are either of the _Nose_, or _Nasall_ such are_m. N. Ng. _ or else they be of the _Mouth_, or _Orall_, as _l. R. __Consonants_ are a _Simple Breath_, not sonorous, yetvariously modified, and are of three kinds:

For they are either pronounced successively, and may be produced atpleasure, as _g. Ch. S. F. V. _

Or are suddainly _shot forth_; which upon that score I call them_explosive_, as _k. C. Q. T. D. B. P. _

Or else being _Compounded_ out of two foregoing ones, their number isdiverse in divers Nations; the _Germans_ have two; _viz. _ _x. _ and_z. _

To this Division, in which I have had respect chiefly to the nature, and manner of pronouncing the _Letters_, may not impertinently beadded, that those _Letters_ are formed mostly in three _Regions of theMouth_, _viz. _ in the bottom, or _Throat_; in the middle, or in the_Palate_ and _Teeth_; and lastly, in the utmost part thereof, or inthe _Lips_: Hence it is, from every one of their Classes almost, arethree sorts; one _Guttural_, another _Dental_, and a third _Labial_;but of these, more hereafter. 

I will here prevent the _Readers_ who may object to me in thefollowing Chapter, that this my Doctrin will be always lame, becauseall Deaf Persons, whom we would teach by the Tongue, Lips, _&c. _ willnever by their Sight attain unto these motions: But, besides that theSight doth not give place to the Hearing, as to a quick sensibility, Iaffirm, that there is no need thereof, if once they have made but anyProgress; for even we our selves do very often not hear inPronunciation those Letters which I call _Consonants_, but we collectthem from the _Vowels_ and _Semi-vowels_, commixed together with them:No Man, for Example, shall so pronounce _b. G. _ or _d. _ as that he maybe heard at a hundred Paces distant. And this seems to me to be theprincipal reason why we can most rarely pronounce or repeat at thefirst blush, any word spoken in a foreign Language. 

But before I shall unfold the nature, and manner of forming the_Letters_ in special, I judged that it was not here to be omitted, howthat as all the _Letters_, yea also, and the _Vowels_ them-selves, cannot by any means be pronounced, as they are a _Simple Breath_, andnot sonorous; for when we, for Example, do whisper somewhat to one inhis Ear, so the _Consonants_ also, excepting those which I call_Explosive_, may be pronounced vocally, or with the _Voice_ conjoyned;and there are Nations which pronounce thus, as the _French_ do their_z. _ and their _v. _

I shall now treat of the _Letters_ especially, and will examine themso, as both the absolute Simplicity of the _German Letters_ may bemanifested; and other Nations, from their Mode of Formation, maylearn, how they ought to pronounce them; upon this account also, Ishall add how improperly some Nations do render the same Letters intheir own Language. Now in this Explication I shall observe the sameorder as I did in the Division of them, where readily it will appear, that _Voice_ and _Breath_ are according to a triple Region of theMouth, triply figured or formed spontaneously. 

Therefore the Simple and Uniform _Vowels_ are, _a. _ _e. _ _i. _ _j. __y. _ _o. _ _u. _ _w. _ and are formed after the following manner. 

_a. _ is a _Gutteral Vowel_, and the most Simple of all; the Key of the_Alphabet_, and therefore is by all Nations set first of all, excepting only (as far as I know) the _Abyssines_, by whom, as Ludolftestifieth, it is placed as the Thirteenth _Letter_. True indeed itmay be pronounced by various Placings of the _Tongue_, yet the common, and most convenient is, that the _Tongue_ should be in its posture ofrest; and then being gently stretched forth in the _Mouth_, it mayonly lightly, or not at all touch upon the utmost Border of the lower_Teeth_; if therefore the lower _Jaw_ be drawn downwards, and therebythe _Mouth_ be opened, that the _Voice_ formed in the _Throat_, strikes not neither against the _Teeth_, nor against the _Lips_, thana plain open [_a_] is heard, _e. I. J. Y. _ are _Dental Vowels_, or the_Voice_, which in coming forth, smites more or less against the_Teeth_; Hence it is that Infants, although they can say _Pappa, bo, &c. _ yet can they not pronounce these Letters until they have Teeth, especially _the Cutters_, or _fore-Teeth_; and indeed [_e_] isformed, when the _Voice_, (the _Lips_ being gently opened), strikesagainst the _Teeth_ also moderately opened; now theposture of the _Tongue_ is such, that it somewhat presses on each sideupon the _Dog-Teeth_ of the Inferior _Jaw_, for so the passage of the_Voice_ is made narrower, and the [_e_] much more clear. 

_i. J. _ and _y. _ are the same _Vowel_, pronounced one while moreshort, and another more long, nor doth it stand upon any Foundation, [_i_] sometimes doth become a _Consonant_, but then is pronounced onlymore swiftly, so as together with the following _Vowel_, it can make a_Diphthong_; but [_i_] is formed after the same manner almost, as [_e_] except that the _Teeth_ are for the most part, more stricken, and the _Tongue_ put close to the _Teeth_, the passage of the _Voice_is rendred more strait, whence a more smart Sound also breaks forth, which notwithstanding, can sometimes be hardly distinguished from[_e_] [_y_, ] also is [_i_] pronounced longer then usually, or [_i_]doubled. _o. U. W. _ are _Labial Vowels_, that is, such as are formedby a different positure of the _Lips_; also [_o. _] and [_u. _] aredifferent from one another, just as much as [_e. _] and [_i_]: But[_w. _] is to [_u. _] just as _j. _ is to [_i. _] for indeed _a. U. W. _are formed, when the _Teeth_ and _Tongue_ keep the same posture; butthe _Lips_ are more or less contracted, even as the _Teeth_ are in[_e. _] and [_i. _] and so when they are less stricken, [_o. _] isproduced, but when a little more [_u. _] or [_w. _]; but we oughtcarefully to beware, whilst [_o. _] or [_u. _] are pronounced, least the_Teeth_ should be seen; for else a certain kind of a soft _e. _ will bemingled; and instead of _ö. _ or _ü. _ there will be produced _o. _ or_u. _ These Letters belong to the _French_, _au_ and _ou_, whennevertheless they are nothing else but _Diphthongs_, also _oe. _ of the_Dutch_ is our _u. _ but very improperly. 

Mixt _Vowels_ are _ä. ö. ü. _ These Characters are peculiar to ourLanguage, and were invented very ingeniously by our Ancients, thoughour Moderns mostly know not the reason thereof. Each hath its simpleCharacter, because the Sound which they signifie, is only one, tho'mixt; for _a. _ _o. _ and _u. _ are so pronounced, that the passage ofthe _Voice_, the _Tongue_ and _Teeth_ being conjoyned for topronounce, _e. _ becomes Straiter, and so _e. _ together with the saidLetters, _a. _ _o. _ _u. _ doth constitute but one only, yet a _mixtvowel_. The _French_ utter them by _ai. _ _eu. _ and _u. _ and in goodtruth, badly enough, as any one may see. The _Dutch_ want _[ä]. __[ö]. _ and express them by _eu. _ but _[ü]. _ by _u. _ in no better a waythan the _French_. 

Concerning the _Diphthongs_ composed out of these _Vowels_, and whichmay be thence compounded, I judge it needless to say much; for theyare nothing else in our Language than a more then usual swiftPronunciation of the Component _Vowels_, yet successive; and thus theydiffer from the _mixt Vowels_, but how improper and absurd_Diphthongs_ some Nations have, any one may easily gather from whathath been already said. 

The other sort of Letters are _Semi-Vowels_, which are therefore socalled, because that they be formed indeed out of a _Sounding Breath_or _Voice_, but such as in its progress is much broken. They are, as Isaid, either _Nasalls_, or such as are pronounced through that openpassage, by which the _Nose_ opens into the Hollow of the _Mouth_: Nowthe _Voice_ is forced to go that way, either when it flows to the_Lips_ shut close, and rebounding from thence, is formed into [_m_;]or when the _Tip of the Tongue_ is so applied to the roof of theMouth, and to the upper _Teeth_, the _Voice_ is made to reboundthrough the _Nostrils_, and so [_n_] becomes formed; or lastly, whentogether with the hinder part of the _Tongue_, the _Voice_ beingapplied to the _Roof_, is so straitned that there is no Egress leftopen for it, but through the _Nose_, and so [_n_] is formed; which isa Sound, which hath no peculiar Character in any Language, as I knowof, yet it differs no less from the rest of the _Nasals_, (_k_) isdivers from (_t_) or (_p_, ) if any one desires to try this by himself, let him endeavour to pronounce; having his _Nose_ held close with hisFingers, one of these three Letters, and he will not be able to do it. 

Or else these _Semivowels_ are _Orall_, which are indeed such as arepronounced thro' the _Mouth_, but not so freely as are the _GenuinVowels_, and they be two, (_l_) and (_r;_) (_l_) is formed when the_Tongue_ is so applied to the _Roof_, and the upper _Teeth_, that the_Voice_ cannot, but by a small Thred, as it were, get forth by theSides of the _Tongue_; for if you compress the _Cheeks_ to the_Grinders_, you stop up the Passage of the _Voice_, and it will bevery difficult for you to pronounce this _Letter_, (_r_, ) is a _Voice_fluctuating with great swiftness, and is formed, when the more movablepart of the _Tongue_ does in the twinkling of an Eye, oftentimesstrike upon the _Roof of the Mouth_, and as often is drawn back againfrom it; for thus the _Voice_ formed in the _Throat_, in itspronouncing, flows and ebbs back again, and is uttered, as it were by_Leaps_. Hence it is, that they, whose _Tongues_ be too heavy andmoist, and less voluble, will never pronounce this Letter, whetherthey can Hear, or are Deaf. 

Now there still remains the _Consonants_, or the Letters, which areformed out of an unsounding or mute _Breath_; yet, out of which, someof the _Semi-vowels_ may be made, as _g. Ch. S. F. V. _

As the _Voice_ is the common matter of the _Consonants_, the sharperpart of which is (_h_) which is the most simple of them all, and outof which diversly figurated, the rest of them are framed: And they areeither the _Sibilants_, which are formed out of _Breath_, which issomewhat compressed or straitned, that the passing _Breath_ breaksforth with a certain kind of _Hissing_, and with violence. 

Here _I_ judge that we are not to pass over in silence, how that thereare some parts in _Germany_, where there is so much of Affinity of(_g_) with (_k_, ) as (_b_) has with (_p_) and (_d_) with (_t_, ) orwhere (_g_) is pronounced like (_k_) but softer, so also the _French_do pronounce their (_g_) before _a. O. U. _ and _ou. _

(_s_) is formed, when the _Teeth_ and _Tongue_ are so clapt together, that the _Breath_ cannot come forth, but by the _Spaces of the Teeth_:But (_f_) or (_v_) (which differs not from (_f_) in our Language) isformed, when the _neather Lip_ is so moved to the _Teeth_ above, thatthe _Breath_ must break out thro' the said _Spaces of the Teeth_;_ph. _ is (_f_) being a Stranger in the _German_ Tongue, and differsfrom it only in the _Character_. 

The other kind of _Consonants_ are explosive; which, _viz. _ aredischarged at one push, and as it were, in the twinkling of an Eye andare nothing else but _Breath_, which being got close together, eitherin the fore, middle, or hinder Region of the Mouth, is discharged on asuddain; and (_k_) is indeed formed in the hinder Region, when thehinder part of the _Tongue_ is moved to the _Roof_, that the _Breath_cannot break forth, neither by the _Mouth_, nor by the _Nose_, but issuddenly let loose again: For thus the imprisoned _Breath_ breaks out, and by breaking out, maketh _k. C. _ or _q. _ which in _Germany_ are allthe same Letter; in the middle Region are _d. _ and t. Formed, when, _viz. _ the _Breath_, by help of the Tongues being moved to the_Teeth_, or _Roof_, and suddainly drawn back again, being more or lesscompressed, rusheth out by its own Springiness, and so _d. _ or _t. _ ismade, which only differs, as _b. _ and _p. _ according to the more orless; in the outermost Region of the _Mouth_ are formed, (_b_) and(_p_) when, _viz. _ the _Breath_ being compressed in the whole _Cavityof the Mouth_, they get out through the _Lips_ opened. 

Lastly; here follows those _Consonants_, which are compounded of_Hissing and Explosion_, such are (_x_) or _ks. _ and (_z_) or _ts. _which only are the alone anomalous or irregular ones of the _German_Language; for if I may speak what I think; we might well enough wantthese _Characters_; yet I disapprove not of the use of them, but onlyshew what might be more convenient, _viz. _ that _Voice_ or _Breath_which is simple, might be expressed also by a simple _Character_, andon the contrary, that a _Character_, which is simple and only one, would signifie but one only _Voice_ or _Breath:_ But if the commodioususe of _Short-hand_ may be objected, I would perswade to express allpossible Combinations, of _Vowels_, with _Semi-vowels_, and_Consonants_, by simple _Characters_. 

This is what I determined to say concerning the Letters, and theirFormation; and seeing I am not willing to write a _Grammar_, whatmight yet further be said of them, I pass by; but what I haveperformed, I leave it to others to judge thereof, not so much to teachthem, as by what is here presented to excite them, being desirous, asit becomes a young Man, to learn of them: I hope they will pardon myErrors, because of my Youth. Yet certain I am, had the ancient_Hebrews_, _Greeks_ and _Romans_, thus describ'd their Letters, therewould have been no contention about the manner of Pronounciation. 

CHAP. III. 

_Teacheth the Method its self, by which such as are Deaf, andconsequently Dumb, may learn to Speak. _

What hath been hitherto said may enough suffice to observant_Readers_, inasmuch as the Fundamentals of the whole Artifice, aretherein contained; but least the curious should complain, that I haveonly made their Mouth water, I shall ingeniously discover to them whatin four Years time, wherein I have endeavoured to instruct some DeafPersons, I have observed what is worthy, and most necessary to beknown. 

Now what I have effected by this my Method, especially to the Daughterof Mr. _Kolard_, a Merchant of _Harlem_, I can appeal to a great partof _Holland_, and universally almost to the whole City of _Harlem_, and to innumerable other Witnesses, of all Ranks and Conditions. 

The first thing which I require in the Person I am to teach, is, thathe be of a docible Wit, and not too young of age; than that the_Organs of Speech_ be rightly constituted in him; for stupid Personsare capable of no Teaching, whose Age is yet too tender; nor do theymind enough, nor know how Teaching will be for their Use and Benefit;but those whose _Organs of Speech_ are altogether unfit, they maylearn indeed to understand others when they speak, and discover theirown Mind by Writing; but they will never learn to speak. 

Having therefore a fit subject, my first Care is to make him to soundforth a _Voice_, without which, almost all labour is lost, but thatone point, whereby Deaf Persons do discern a _Voice_ from a _MuteBreath_, is a great Mystery of Art; and if I may have leave to say so, it is the _Hearing of Deaf Persons_, or at least equivolent thereunto, _viz. _ that trembling Motion and Titillation, which they perceive intheir own _Throat_, whilst they of their own accord do give forth a_Voice_; that therefore the Deaf may know, that I open my Mouth _toemitt a Voice_; not simply to yawn, or to draw forth a _Mute Breath_, I put their Hand to my _Throat_ that they may be made sensible of thattremulous Motion, when I utter my _Voice;_ then I put the same Hand oftheirs to their own _Throat_, and command them to imitate me; nor am Idiscouraged, if at the beginning their _Voice_ is harsh and difficult;for in time it becomes more and more polite. 

If I gain their _Voice_, which for the most part I do at the firsttime, I soon learn them to pronounce _Vowels_, _viz. _ I bid them so tomoderate the _opening of their Mouth_, whilst they do form a _Voice_in their _Throat_, as I have said above, concerning the Formation ofthe _Vowels_; but that they may do that the more easily, I hold a_Looking-Glass_ to them, because they cannot from Sight alone imitatethose diverse Motions of the _Jaws_, of the _Tongue_, and of the_Lips_, unless they had oftentimes tried it before a Looking-Glass. Thence I learned, that that common belief, (that so soon as Hearing isrestored to Deaf Persons, they will speak) to be false, for it seemsnot to me, that there is so great a consent betwixt the Organs of_Voice_, and of Hearing, that at the first blush they can imitate a_Voice_ that is heard; but by often imitating a _Voice_ or _Breath_received from another, and also by hearing their own at the same time, we find at length a likeness between both, and after this manner weall learn to speak; for he who learns to speak, it is all one, as ifhe did learn some other Art; for by a long accustoming, the Organs arerendered apt and pliable: Hence it is, that sometimes we come not topronounce aright Foreign Letters but after a long time. Now, it wouldbe well observed or considered, that I presently prescribe all theLetters to Deaf Persons, or else they could not fix in their Mindstheir _Idea's_ of them, and I seldom teach more than two or threeLetters in one day, least the _Idea's_ be confounded; but I bid themvery often to repeat them, and to write them down as they arepronounced by me. 

But if by chance, as it sometimes happeneth, that they shouldpronounce one Letter for another; I blame them not, but rather commendthem, and grant with a nodd that they have satisfied me, and forthwithI write down the Character of that Letter upon Paper, that they mayknit together the _Idea_ thereof with its figure. In the interim, whilst they learn the _Vowels_, I very often put their Hand to my_Throat_, that they may be accustomed to give forth a Sound. 

When the _Vowels_ are become familiar to them, I go next to the_Semi-vowels_, which sometimes are more difficult, especially the_Nasals_; for Deaf Persons, unless they be taught, never give forththe _Voice_ by the _Nose_, thereupon I begin with [_m. _] as that whichis most plain, and easier learnt than the rest, so that they therebymay be accustomed to give a Sound at least thro' the _Nose_; thereforeI bid them shut together their _Lips_, and putting their Hand to their_Throat_, to give forth a _Voice_, and by that means they necessarilypronounce [_m. _] and not [_em. _] as it's vulgarly pronounced. 

The Daughter of Mr. _Kolard_, before she was committed to my Care, could indeed say _Pappa_; for indeed it is a little word, which isalmost born with us; but her Father did confess, that he had more than1000 times tried in vain to make her say _Mamma_, which yet I Ibrought her to in a small time. 

And now, _Reader_, I commit to thee another Secret, _viz. _ that if aDeaf Person be committed to thee to teach, beware that you do notteach him to pronounce together _Semi-vowels_ and _Consonants_, together with their annexed _Vowels_; as for example, _em. En. Ka. Ef. Te, &c. _

For thus they would learn neither to read, nor rightly to pronounceany word. The power and force of _Semi-vowels_ and _Consonants_consists not in the adjoyned _Vowels_, but in a peculiar _Voice_ or_Breath_; and when you would have a Deaf Person to say _Tafel_ or_Swartz_, you shall hear from him nothing else but _Te. A. Ef. E. El. _or _Es. We. A. Er. Te. Zet. _ which is very uncouth, nor can you easilymend it: But by this Method, so soon as ever they know their Letters, they begin to read; for _to read is only to pronounce the Letterssuccessively_. 

Here note well, that in the Schools this very thing would be of greatuse, chiefly when they are taught Languages, whose Letters areexpressed by whole words, as _Alpha, Omega, Gimel, double u, zet, &c. _For more time is lost, and the desire of Learning taken away fromChildren, before they are able to abstract the Letters of theseSounds, and to connect them together in _Reading_; so that it is verymuch to be wonder'd at, that this most eminent short way of readinghath hitherto lain hid in the dark. 

The other _Nasalls_ [_u_] and [_ng_] have nothing peculiar, unless itbe that I shew the Deaf the posture of the _Tongue_ in aLooking-Glass, and put their Hand to my _Nose_, whereby they may besensible, that there comes forth thorough the _Nostrils_ a _SoundingBreath_. When I teach them [_l. _] I bid them to apply the _Tongue_ tothe _upper Teeth_; but to the _Cutters_, and to the _Dog-Teeth_ only, that then they may emit a _Voice_ thro' the Mouth I make a Sign withmy Hand; but least, instead of [_l. _] they should pronounce [_n. _]which comes to pass when the _Tongue_ doth so hinder the coming forthof the _Voice_, that it returns to get out by the _Nostrils_;therefore, till they are better accustomed, I gently compress the_Nostrils_ with my Fingers. 

The Letter [_r_] is the most difficult of all the rest, yet amongstsix Deaf Persons, which I have hitherto instructed, four of thempronounce it with the greatest easiness; the other two cannot form it, but in their Jaws; but I teach them, by moving the Hand one while tothe _Throat_, and another while to the _Mouth_, whereby they may, asit were, feel the subsulting and interrupted Expulsion of the _Voice_;also I bid them to look often in the Glass, to observe the tremulousand fluctuating Motion of the _Tongue_; but no one can expect at thefirst trial, the genuin Pronounciation of this Letter. 

When the _Vowels_ and _Semi-vowels_ are well inculcated into them, _the Consonants_ are learnt without any trouble almost, for they are a_Simple and Mute Breath_, coming forth, either successively, orsuddenly, according to the various _Openings of the Mouth_, and onlywith putting the Hand to the Mouth almost, they may all easily belearned. 

[_h_] is the most simple of all, nor is it any thing else but Air, which is breathed out thicker, and more swiftly. 

[_g_] or _ch. _ is sharper than [_h_] which I teach thus, when I shewto my Deaf Patients the posture of the _Tongue_ in a Looking-Glass, and give them to feel the expiring _Breath_; it is so in like mannerwith [_s_] and [_f_] insomuch, as nothing is more easie than they, andwhich may most easily be learned by the fore-going Description. 

I can teach a Deaf Man, (though he were blind) the _ExplosiveConsonants_; for if I cause him to feel the _Breath_ discharged uponhim, he would necessarily pronounce one of the three; for I bid him tolook simply on my _Mouth_ and _Tongue_, and then having put his Handto my _Mouth_, I pronounce either [_k. _] or [_b. _] [_p. _] or [_d. _][_t. _] and command him to do the like. 

(_x. _) and (_z. _) are pronounced no otherwise than is (_ks. _) or(_gs. _) (when (_g_) is an _Explosive Consonant_) and (_ts. _) whereforeI shall add nothing concerning them. 

Deaf Persons are to be diligently accustomed to pronounce these_Semi-vowels_, _n. Ng. L. R. _ also the following _Consonants_; _h. G. K. T. _ with some kind of opening the _Mouth_, else they may joyn themsometimes with certain _Vowels_, not without a notable yawning, & adiscordant noise. Now in general, Winter-time is fitter almost for toinstruct the Deaf, because then they see the _Breath_ coming forthfrom the _Mouth_, whilst Pronounciation is in doing. 

When therefore I taught any Deaf Person to pronounce the Lettershitherto enumerated, and that one by one, I taught him so to utter twoor three of the easiest, that there should be interstice between them;as for example, _ab. Am. Da. Fa. Ef. &c. _ so that they might beaccustomed to pronounce the Letters successively; then by degrees Iuse them to the more difficult Combinations, mutually mixing _Vowels_, _Semi-vowels_ and _Consonants_, and thus with little trouble theylearn to read; but if when they have read any thing, I bid them lookupon my _Mouth_, and to repeat the same after it hath been pronouncedby me; for thus they become by degrees to be accustomed to imitate thehumane _Voice_, only by looking on; but I am unwilling to tire themout with this labour, troublesome enough, until they have profitedmuch, because they may be frighted with it. 

In the mean time we must endeavour diligently; that when one_Consonant_ follows another _Consonant_, as _ps. Kt. Ks. Sch. &c. _ ora _Semi-vowel_, as _ls. Lk. Md. &c. _ that they do immediately joynthem in Pronounciation, least some (_i_) or (_e_) be heard betweenthem, which unless it be cautiously avoided, often happens. 

When they can read, and in a manner understand others when they speak, I treat them like new-born Babes; first, I teach them _Nouns_, whichare obvious, as well _Substantives_ as _Adjectives_, so also the mostnecessary _Verbs_ and _Adverbs_, than _Declinations_ and_Conjugations_; but here that five-fold turning Orb was of mostexcellent use to me, it being a rich Treasury of the whole _German_Tongue, which I found in the Mathematical Delights of _Swenter_, Iaugmented it, and applied it also to the _Dutch_ Idiome; out of it maythey quickly, and with pleasure learn all possible _Combinations_ of_Vowels_, _Semi-vowels_, and _Consonants_, also all terminations of_German_ words, and that as well Derivatives as Compounds. The firstOrb contains _Prepositions_ and small _Mono-Syllables_, with which_Nouns_ and _Verbs_ are compounded; the second, the _Initial Letters_;the third, _Vowels_ and _Diphthongs_; the fourth, the _Final Letters_;lastly, all the _German Terminations_. 

But there seems to be a great difficulty, that some Letters, as _e. _and _i. A. _ and _u. _ are uttered by the same opening of the Mouth, andconsequently they must needs be confounded; but in good truth, it's ofsmall moment, because for the most part the difference is not heeded, and the Letters, which according to their nature, are by far, moredifferent, are written almost after the same manner, chiefly when theyare pronounced hastily, as _m. _ and _n. R. _ and _n. A. _ and _o. &c. _which yet puts no stop to an exercised _Reader_. 

Others object, that the _Deaf_ thus taught, will, it may be, understand no Body but my self: Indeed, this difficulty Teems to havesomething of weight in it; but we must know, that Menst Men pronouncemost Letters badly alike, and write their Characters negligently; butwith such a one who learns to speak, it is all one as it is with him, who is taught to read other Men's Writings: For first, he can scarceread any thing but what is written by his Master, and then theWritings of his School-fellows; and lastly, there is nothing which hecannot read, tho' very badly written, it is therefore not to bewondred at, if those I teach to speak, do at the beginning more easilyunderstand me, than others; (for I pronounce the Letters in their full_extension_) and not _lamely_ (as many are wont to do) and after thatthey come to understand their Domesticks and Familiars, and at last, any Body. 

Here in the end I add, that most of the Letters may be formed, as wellby inspiring as by expiring, which thing I have very much wondred atin some Persons, who _speak out of the Belly_: And once at _Amsterdam_I heard an old Woman speaking both ways, and made answers to her self, as to questions, so as I would have sworn that she talked with herHusband two or three Paces distant from her; for the _Voice_ beingswallowed up in her in Breathing, would seem to come from far. 

Behold, _Reader_, a small Tract of three days; if thou wilt offer anything more, right and true, I will receive it with thank: There areyet some other things, _viz. _ how a deaf Person may be made, so as tobe able to discern from one the other, some Letters pronounced byanother, as _m. _ from _b. N. _ from _d. Ng. _ from _k. &c. _ or how thequantity of Syllables is to be govern'd. But these, and the like, canscarce be learnt, but by teaching. 

_A word is enough to the Wise. _

THE CONCLUSION. 

The _Author_ is thinking to turn this small Treatise into the _Dutch_, and very speedily, God willing, to publish it for the good of theNation, and will so adapt it to the Idiom thereof, as to make it to beaccounted proper. Nothing being more in the _Authors_ care than thatby this his slender endeavour, he shall stir up some one to performthe like, or at least to attempt it: Now if there occurs to any Body, any thing, either too hard, or not sufficiently explained, he mayexpect a more full Edition, or else let him repair to the _Author_, who according to the Light granted unto him, will refuse nothing toany Man. 

_THE END_. 

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