Thomas Burke (November, 1886 – September 22, 1945) was a British author. He was born in Eltham, London. His first successful publication was Limehouse Nights (1916), a collection of stories centered around life in the poverty-stricken Limehouse district of London. Many of Burke's books feature the Chinese character Quong Lee as narrator. "The Lamplit Hour", an incidental poem from Limehouse Nights, was set to music in the United States by Arthur Penn in 1919[1]. That same year, American film director D. W. Griffith used another tale from the collection, "The Chink and the Child" as the basis of his screenplay for the movie Broken Blossoms. Griffith based his film Dream Street (1921) on a Burke novel. Thomas Burke was born Sydney Thomas Burke on November 29, 1886 in Clapham, a southern suburb of London that by the turn of the century had fallen out of favor with the middle-classes. [2] Burke’s father died when he was barely a few months old and he was eventually sent to live with his uncle in Poplar. [3] At the age of ten he was removed to a home for middle class boys who were “[r]espectably descended but without adequate means to their support.” [4] When Burke turned sixteen he started working as an office boy, a job that he deeply detested. In 1901, he published his first professional written work entitled “The Bellamy Diamonds” in the magazine Spare Moments.[5] In 1915, Burke published his first book, Nights in Town: A London Autobiography, which featured his descriptions of working-class London nightlife including the essay, ‘A Chinese Night, Limehouse' [6] However, it was not until the publication of Limehouse Nights in 1916 that he obtained any substantial acclaim as an author. This collection of melodramatic short stories, set in a lower-class environment populated by Chinese immigrants, was published in three British periodicals, The English Review, Colour and The New Witness, and received marked attention from literary reviewers. [7] Limehouse Nights helped to earn Burke a reputation as “the laureate of London’s Chinatown.” [8] Burke’s writing also influenced contemporary popular forms of entertainment, such as the nascent film industry. Indeed, D. W. Griffith used the short story “The Chink and the Child” from Limehouse Nights as the basis for his popular silent film Broken Blossoms (1919). [9] Burke continued to develop his descriptions of London life throughout his later literary works. He gradually expanded his range with novels such as The Sun in Splendor, which was published in 1926. [10] He also continued to publish essays on the London environment, including pieces such as "The Real East End" and "London in My Times." [11] Burke died in the Homeopathic Hospital in Queens Square, Bloomsbury on September 22, 1945. [12] His short story “The Hands of Ottermole” was later voted the best mystery of all time by critics in 1949. [13] Any attempt to accurately describe Thomas Burke’s life is severely complicated by the many fictionalized accounts of his youth that circulated widely during his lifetime. Burke himself was principally responsible for fabricating and disseminating these autobiographical stories, which he used to bolster his authorial claim to an intimate knowledge of life among the lower-classes. As literary critic Anne Witchard notes, most of what we know about Burke’s life is based on works that “purport to be autobiographical [and] yet contain far more invention than truth.” [14] For instance, although he grew up in the suburbs, Thomas Burke claims in his autobiographical novel The Wind and the Rain: A Book of Confessions (1924) to have been born and raised in the East End, a lower-working class area of London. Furthermore, in this work he states that while growing up as an orphan in the East End he befriended a Chinese shopkeeper named Quong Lee from whom he learned about Chinese life in London. [15] Burke also told newspaper reporters that he had “sat at the feet of Chinese philosophers who kept opium dens to learn from the lips that could frame only broken English, the secrets, good and evil, of the mysterious East.” [16] These romanticized tales of Burke’s early life were often accepted by the literary critics of the day and went largely unchallenged by his contemporaries. Although Burke’s later writing, including the book Son of London more accurately describes his youth in the suburbs, the majority of his autobiogaphies attest to his supposedly intimate knowledge of lower-class life. [17] These fabricated autobiographies enabled Burke to establish his authority as an expert on the Chinese in London, allowing him to create a persona that he used to market his fictional works on Limehouse. As Witchard notes, Burke, through his writing, positioned himself as a “seer” in an “occult process” of representing London’s sub-cultural ‘Others.’ [18] Despite a long list of works, recognition of Burke largely concerns Limehouse Nights, his second publication. Published in 1917, Burke’s gritty tales of London’s Chinatown ignited immediate controversy. The book was initially banned by circulating libraries, not only on grounds of general immorality, but also for the scandalous interracial relationships portrayed between Chinese men and white women.[19] Set during World War I in a declining British Empire, Limehouse Nights aggravated already present anxieties. As critic Anne Witchard notes, the twentieth century Britain of Burke's lifetime propagated the idea of Yellow perilism, which saw the presence of the Chinese in London as a cause of "degenerative metropolitan blight and imperial and racial decline”.[20] In no small part thanks to Burke and his contemporary, Sax Rohmer, what had been a largely unnoticed Chinese immigrant population now found itself under public scrutiny.[21] The culmination of this negative attention was a hysteria in the late 1920s, centered around claims of “the hypnotism of white girls by yellow men”.[22] In America, aided by D.W. Griffith’s adaptation of “The Chink and the Child,” the 1919 silent film Broken Blossoms, Burke’s reception was much more positive.[23] Having so closely tied his literature to Limehouse, illuminating an otherwise shadowed community, it is somewhat ironic that Burke’s popularity correlated with the decline of Chinese concentration in the district, leaving him all but forgotten today.[24] Burke’s critical reception is as concentrated on Limehouse Nights as his public reception. Consensus is largely positive, praise coming from such notable authors as H.G. Wells and Arnold Bennett.[25] Even negative reviews tend to be tempered by acknowledgement for Burke’s craft. Critic Gilbert Seldes, for instance, wrote: “Possibly Mr. Burke’s books, at once vigorous and wanton, may be respected afterward; one fears only that they will be found a little purposeless, a little lacking in social direction. It is that lack, of course, which makes them so attractive. For, it may be mentioned, these are wonderfully good things to read.”[26] More ecstatic reviewers echo critic Milton Bronner’s favorable comparison: “Not since the days when Kipling burst upon the English word has any writer displayed more sheer power and driving force”.[27]. Unlike Kipling, who wrote at the height of empire in distant India, however, recent interpretation suggests Burke found critical success by bringing the exotic home, providing escape for a public caught in the unprecedented brutality of World War I.[28] Reviews of Burke's many other works are more mixed, and always overshadowed by the controversial and successful Limehouse Nights. Twinkletoes, published a year later in 1918, rode on the same wave of approval. More Limehouse Nights in 1921 was also generally well received, but Burke was increasingly criticized for repetition. As critic John Gunther remarked, “[it] may be true that London is big enough to stand nine books about her from one hand. But that hand should be a bigger one than Thomas Burke’s”.[29] While critical interest in Burke is now typically sparse, when recognized he is still regarded favorably as a Modernist author.[30] Thomas Burke considered himself to be a true Londoner both by birth and in spirit, and the large majority of his writings are concerned with the everyday life in London. The settings and peoples of working class London became an important element in Burke’s work, and lower class setting and character ‘types’ are repeatedly used in both his fictional and non-fictional essays. Burke’s writing follows in the tradition of James Greenwood and Jack London with his non-fiction, journalistic representation of London streets and the people in them. Burke gained recognition with his first book, Nights In Town, in 1915. Limehouse Nights was his first popular success, though it was largely a repetition of the same material in Nights in Town, only in fiction form. Burke has in fact used the same material to produce different genres of writing—as essays in Nights Town: A London Autobiography, as fictional short stories in Limehouse Nights, as a novel in Twinkeltoes, and as poetry in The Song Book of Quong Lee of Limehouse[31]. Though the majority of Burke’s writing was concerned with London, and more specifically the East End and the Limehouse district, Burke also published several eclectic and “uncharacteristic” pieces. With Night-Pieces (1935) and Murder at Elstree or Mr. Thurtell and His Gig, Burke tried his hand at horror fiction. In contrast to this, Burke also published The Beauty of England (1933) and The English Inn (1930), which depict England’s countryside, and The Outer Circle, which contains a series of ramblings about the London suburbs. In 1901 “The Bellamy Diamonds” was published in Spare Moments “which every week offered a guinea for the best short story sent in” (169). Burke’s writing blends several styles in order to create a dramatic portrait of London. Limehouse Nights and its various sequels classified Burke as a “purveyor of melodramatic stories of lust and murder among London’s lower classes”[32]. Both his essays and fiction, focusing particularly on Limehouse Nights, are characterized, seemingly paradoxically, with harsh realities and more romanticized, poetic outlooks. Ultimately, Burke’s style is that of a blend of realism and romanticism. Burke’s first-hand knowledge (though overstated in his fictional autobiographies) and love for the city of London enabled Burke to write intimately about London life. Burke was also influenced by the work of Thomas de Quincy, and many of his writings that focus on the Limehouse district bear a resemblance to Quincy’s Confessions of an English Opium Eater[33].