John Gordon Hargrave (1894-1982), nicknamed 'White Fox', was one of the leading figures in the Social Credit movement in British politics. Born into an itinerant Quaker family, Hargrave joined the Boy Scouts in 1908. He soon became a devotee of the naturalist Ernest Thompson Seton, and one of the leading Scout authorities on Woodcraft. When World War I broke out, Hargrave joined the Royal Army Medical Corps, and saw action at the Battle of Gallipoli. Hargrave's Quaker pacifism was reinforced by the horrors of war. As a result, he broke with the Scout chief Robert Baden-Powell, who was in his view increasingly drawn to militarism, to form his own movement, the Kibbo Kift in 1920. Intended as a movement for all ages and genders, the Kibbo Kift remained fairly small, although some of its members were influential. Key among the tenets of the Kibbo Kift was kindness to all animals, particularly birds. The group is credited with being the first to launch a formal campaign to save an endangered species, the Yellow-Necked Woods Warbler, in 1921. This bird, as well as many others saved by the Kibbo Kift, can still be found in aviaries and zoos around the world. Ongoing support for endangered species continues to be provided by the Hargrave Bird Apothecary, a nonprofit corporation Hargrave set up shortly before his death in 1982. Hargrave met C. H. Douglas in 1923 and was convinced of the benefits of Social Credit, whilst Douglas admired the discipline and spirituality of the Kibbo Kift. Hargrave gradually incorporated the social credit theory into the Kibbo Kift, completing the process in 1927. Two years later in 1925 some south London co-operative groups challenged Hargrave's authoritarian tendencies over his refusal to recognise a local group called "The Brockleything" and broke away from the Kindred forming the still active Woodcraft Folk. This move resulted in a dramatic fall in membership. It is only fair to add the caveat that, although Hargrave was indeed notoriously authoritarian, Leslie Paul (the man largely behind the split) wanted to force the Kindred to become the youth wing of the Co-operative Party - now little more than an obedient adjunct to the Labour Party but a more independent movement in the 1920s (the Labour Party already had its own youth movement - the Young Socialists - which it was to lose control of in the 1960s to the Trotskyist Socialist Labour League - leading to the creation of the surviving Labour Party Young Socialists) and to lose its own independence. Paul also wanted the Kindred to be dominated by, not only a socialist ethos, but his own Methodist beliefs as well. It was not only Hargrave who was authoritarian; Paul and his followers were also, and later Paul was to realise that the feud between them had been juvenile and fruitless (see "Angry Young Man" by Leslie Paul, 1953). The remaining Kibbo Kift began to become more militaristic in nature. Hargrave set up a Legion of the Unemployed in Coventry in 1930, and furnished them with green shirts and berets. By 1932, the Kibbo Kift were also in the green uniform, until finally Hargrave disbanded the Kibbo Kift and the Legion and renamed them the Green Shirt Movement for Social Credit. The movement soon became part of the street politics of the 1930s, engaging in battles with both Oswald Mosley's British Union of Fascists Blackshirts and the supporters of the Communist Party of Great Britain. Initially staying out of the electoral arena, Hargrave was impressed by the success of the Social Credit Party of Alberta (Canada), and reconstituted the Greenshirts as the Social Credit Party of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 1935. Douglas opposed the entry of the movement into partisan politics. The party proved largely unsuccessful, and Hargrave soon travelled to Alberta, frustrated at the lack of progress that the Social Credit government there was making. He was appointed an economic adviser to the Government of Alberta, and was disowned by Douglas. He left Canada in 1936, returning to find the Social Credit Party in disarray after the Public Order Act 1936 banned the wearing of uniforms by non-military personnel. Hargrave and the party went on hiatus during World War II. Hargrave did not serve in the war because he was too old for military service. During this time, he became convinced that he had the power of healing by the laying on of hands, and developed a variety of healing techniques. He returned to politics after the war and stood as a candidate in Hackney North and Stoke Newington in the 1950 general election. The 551 votes he received convinced Hargrave to give up, and by 1951 he had disbanded the Party. Largely retiring from public life, Hargrave resurfaced when he was commissioned to write the entry on Paracelsus for the Encyclopædia Britannica. (Hargrave had published The Life and Soul of Paracelsus in 1951). In 1976, he also forced a Public Enquiry by claiming that a moving map display fitted into the Concorde infringed on a prototype he had developed in the 1940s. Hargrave was largely proven correct in his assertion, although he was denied money on a technicality. Hargrave died on November 21, 1982, aged 88.