Graham Whiteley's PhD Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 2000 This was the first practice-led design PhD at Sheffield Hallam University. Graham Whiteley is a very talented 3-D designer who set out to create an entirely new set of principles for the construction of artificial arms for robotics or prostheses. The work used the creative practices of drawing and making as the primary means to understand the detailed geometric functioning of human joints and appropriate analogies which could be used in a mechanical arm. The work also employed tacit knowledge of experts (eg surgeons) as an alternative method of evaluating the "truth" of the resulting designs, triangulating the relatively unreliable data available from medical physics. 10 .pdf files>> Abstract & Contents | 8 Chapters | Bibliography