Purchase of this book includes free trial access to www.million-books.com where you can read more than a million books for free. This is an OCR edition with typos. Excerpt from book: UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA CLINICAL STUDIES OF FAILURES WITH THE WITMER FORMBOARD BY ADAM PERRY KEPHART A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY PHILADELPHIA THE PSYCHOLOGICAL CLINIC PRESS 1918 a i CLINICAL STUDIES OF FAILURES WITH THE WITMER FORMBOARD.1 By Adam Perry Kephart, A.M., University of Pennsylvania. Introduction. In 1915-16 H. H. Young1 made the first extensive study with the Witmer Formboard and used the results from testing 1474 normal boys and 1375 normal girls of all ages for a preliminary and basic standardization of normal children. The object of the following investigation was threefold; (1) to study the formboard as an educational device; (2) to analyze failures so as to determine why a subject fails and what his failure means; and (3) to get one who has failed, to do the test with a minimum amount of teaching. No attempt was made to examine a large number of children. The investigation was not interested in the standardization of results or in standard procedure, but in learning what difficulties the form- board presents, what causes failure, and what failure means in relation to diagnosis. Wherever children were tested in a school, the request was made that the worst in the room be sent. That is, failures were not selected from a miscellaneous number who were offered for the test, but were found by examining the youngest and most backward pupils in the lowest grades and kindergarten of two public schools and a Montessori school, and the most apparently backward children who could be found about a small social center. Some children who failed, as well as some very young children, were given inst...