INDEX. Page MONEY, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . 5 1. EGYPT , 7 7 Historical . . The Cultivated Land and Its Inhabitants 12 Climate Irrigation and Land Reclamation EGYPTIAN FARMING 15 . . . . . . . . . . 17 Ray and Sharaki Lands. Rotation of crops. Draught Animals. Agricultural Tools. Agricultural Companies. State Assistance. Crop Estimates 26 Improvement of the Soil and Manuring . . . . . . . . 35 TYPES OF AGRICULTURE Landed Property. Distribution of the Land. Small Holdings. Land Companies. State Domains. Selling of Government Land. Price ofLand. Leasing. HiredLabour. Taxes. Agricultural Credit. Land Banks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Geographical Distribution of Cotton in the Nile Country The Egyptian Kinds of Cotton 52 . . . . 50 Selection and Breeding of Seed . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Cultivation of Cotton 62 Cotton Pests of Egypt Yield of the Crop . . . . 73 Cost of Production and Rentability . . . . . . . . . . 78 Marketing of Cotton 83 Ginning and Pressing of the Cotton . . . . . . . . . . 87 Cotton Seed 93 Cotton Seed Oil Cotton Use in Egypt . . 97 Native Industries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Import EXPORT OF COTTON of Cotton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 at Minet el Bassal. The Export Firms. Commercial Exchange Bourse Khediviale. General Produce Association. Business of the Future. Arbitration. Commercial Banks. Damp in Cotton. Customers. Statistics 100 Future of Egyptian Cotton .. .. .. .. .. ..114 284296 68 J 95 A, j 4 -INDEX. .. Page 2. THE SUDAN 116 The Country 116 Climate 117 Irrigation .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 117 Labour Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 Agriculture Landownership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Land Taxes 123 Agricultural Credit 124 Cotton Cultivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 Zeidab. Gesireh. Kassala. Tokar. Methods of Purchase of Cotton 136 Ginning and Pressing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 Cotton Export . . . . 1 36 Calotropis Means of Communication . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 138 The Nile. Railways. Port Sudan. Future of Sudan Cotton BOOKS OF REFERENCE . Money, Weights, and Measures. 1 Egyptian E. at 100 Piastre Tarif P.T. at 10 121 137 141 .... 143 Milliemes 1. Os. 6d M 20-90 1 Piastre Tarif P.T. or large piastre at 40 Paras ,,0-21 1 Piastre Courant P.K. or small piastre at 20 Para Courant 00-10 1 Talleri, denomination derived from the old Maria Theresa dollar, to-day th of 20 P.T ,,4-15 1 English Pound 97 P.T 20-43 1 Kassaba an Egyptian rod 3-55 Metres 1 sq. Kassaba Egyptian sq. rod 1 Feddan 333 sq. kassabas 1038 acres 1 Kirat feddan 1 Sahm fa Kirat 1 English acre 96 Feddans 12-6 sq, 4,200 175 7- 3 4,046,, 1 big Kantar Seed cotton 315 rottles 141-4 kgs. 1 ordinaryKantarLintcotton 100 rottles 990491bs. 44-928 1 oka Kantar 1-250 1 rottle Egyptian pound 0-449 1 Ib. English pound 0-453 iTardeb cotton seed, 270 rottles, 266 Ibs. 121 kgs 197 litres 1 kila ardeb 16 1 kadah ardeb 2 This book is the outcome of repeated visits to Egypt and of prolonged studies, in which I have been ably assisted by eminent experts, possessing a wide knowledge of the country various questions at issue. Having been present as delegate and of the of the German Colonial Economic Committee at the International Cotton Conferences held in Egypt during the autumn of 1912, I had an excellent opportunity of observing, in its latest phases, the develop- ment of the cotton question in the country of the Nile, as far as the Sudan, and to collect impressions, which I hope may be useful in various directions...