JUNIOR TRAINING FOR MODERN BUSINESS -- 1929, -- PREFACE - In a democracy where the ability to earn a living is essen- tial to good citizenship, the schools should give instruction in pre-employment subjects as part of their training for citizen- ship. The most popular of these pre-employment courses pre- pare for clerical positions in offices and stores, or for commercial occupations as they are commonly called. The senior commer- cial courses in shorthand, advanced bookkeeping, salesman- ship, and commercial law, however, are poorly adapted to continuation school pupils, junior high school pppils, first year pupils in the senior high school, the junior pupils in the private school of business or in the evening high school. Harm comes by giving these boys and girls in the early adolescent period business training courses which are designed for senior high school grades. Progressive teachers, supervisors, principals, and superin- tendents have long felt the genuine need of a junior training course in business which will meet the needs of pupils in the eighth and ninth school years. Such a business training course should have three main objectives for the pupils l. To acquire an understanding of investments, insur- ance, banking, business forms and records, reference books, filing devices, the use of the telephone and of the telegraph, safe methods of sending money and packages, the use of travel information, the elements of business law, the kinds of business enterprises, the types of business organization, and those other fundamental principles of business practice and procedure that are part of the equipment of every efficient member of society regardless of his vocation. 2. To develop knowledge, skill, and the proper attitude needed for satisfactory service as messengers, mail clerks, file clerks, cashiers, receiving clerks, stock clerks, order clerks, billing clerks, shipping clerks, time clerks, pay-roll clerks, entry clerks, and those other junior occupations which are found in practically all business offices and stores and which are open to those who must leave school and enter business before completing a more advanced course in business training. 3. To serve as a try-out or exploratory course for purposes of vocational and educational guidance within the field of commerce to the end that the pupil may gain such an intimate knowledge of the functions and duties of junior clerical positions, the personal and educational qualifications which are required, the business forms which are used, and the opportunities for advancement which are offered, that he may choose the particular kind of advanced business training in the senior high school or the private school of business which will best fit him for the department of business in which he has the best chance of success. To enable pupils to reach these three objectives JUNIOR TRAINING FOR MODERN BUSINESS and the BUDGET NESS FORMS to accompany the text have been prepared. OF BUSI- Grateful acknowledgment is made to those business cor- porations who courteously permitted the use of the illustrative material in this book. JOHN G. KIRK MARY A. WAESCHE TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE PREFACE .............................................. V LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ................................. ix ... INTRODUCTION ......................................... xlii CHAPTER PART I . INFORMATIONAL I . THRIFT .........